BASIC CONCEPTS OF ROTATING

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Classification of Rotating Electrical Machines
 Basic Structure of Rotating Electrical Machines

 The basic construction and structure of all rotating

electrical machines is similar.
 A typical rotating electrical machine consists of two main
parts namely,
 Stator
 Rotor
 Structure of Electrical Machines

 The stator and rotor are separated by an air gap.

 As the name implies, the stator is the stationary (non-movable) part of the electrical
machine. In general, the stator is the outer frame of the machine.
 The rotor is the rotating (movable) part of the machine.
 Both stator and rotor are constructed by using laminated ferromagnetic materials
to reduce the reluctance in the path of magnetic flux.
 These parts are made up of highly permeable magnetic material such as silicon
steel.
 Basics of Rotating Electrical Machines

 All rotating electrical machines consist of two windings, one placed on the
stator part and another on the rotor part.
 The winding of the machine in which voltage is induced is known
as armature winding.
 The winding which is used to produce the main working magnetic flux
in the machine is known as field winding.
 Sometimes, instead of field winding, permanent magnets are used to
produce the main magnetic flux.
 Construction of DC Machine

The construction of the DC machine can be done using some of the essential parts like
Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, field coil, Armature core, Armature winding otherwise
conductor, commutator, brushes & bearings.
Yoke
Another name of a yoke is the frame.
The main function of the yoke in the machine is to offer mechanical support
intended for poles and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc.
The materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel otherwise
rolled steel.
Pole and Pole Core
The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field winding is winding
among pole.
Whenever field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux.
The materials used for this are cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core. It can be
built with the annealed steel laminations for reducing the power drop because of
the eddy currents.
Pole Shoe
Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to enlarge the region of
the pole. Because of this region, flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as
extra flux can be passed through the air space toward armature.
The materials used to build pole shoe is cast iron otherwise cast steel, and also used
annealed steel lamination to reduce the loss of power because of eddy currents.
Field Windings
In this, the windings are wounded in the region of pole core & named as field coil.
Whenever current is supplied through field winding, the poles which generate
Armature Core
Armature core includes a huge number of slots within its edge.
The armature conductor is located in these slots.
It provides the low-reluctance path toward the flux generated with field winding.
The materials used in this core are permeability low-reluctance materials like cast
iron otherwise cast steel.
The lamination is used to decrease the loss because of the eddy current.
Armature Winding
The armature winding can be formed by interconnecting the armature conductor.
Whenever an armature winding is turned with the help of prime mover then the
voltage, as well as magnetic flux, gets induced within it.
This winding is allied to an exterior circuit.
The materials used for this winding are conducting material like copper.
Commutator
The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to collect the current
from the armature conductor as well as supplies the current to the load using
brushes.
It also provides uni-directional torque for DC-motor. The commutator can be built
with a huge number of segments in the edge form of hard drawn copper. The
segments in the commutator are protected from the thin mica layer.
Brushes
Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from the commutator and supply it
to the exterior load.
Brushes wear with time to inspect frequently.
The materials used in brushes are graphite otherwise carbon which is in
rectangular form.
Types of DC Machines
 Types of DC Machines

 The excitation of the DC machine is classified into two types namely separate
excitation, as well as self-excitation.
 In a separate excitation type of DC machine, the field coils are activated with a
separate DC source.
 In the self-excitation type of DC machine, the flow of current throughout the
field-winding is supplied with the machine.
 The principal kinds of DC machines are classified into four types which include
the following.
 Separately excited DC machine
 Self Excited DC Machine
 Shunt-wound/shunt machine.
 Series wound/series machine.
 Compound wound / compound machine.
Separately Excited DC Machine
Self Excited DC Machine
Self Excited DC Machine
Compound Wound
Separately Excited DC Machine
In Separately Excited DC Machine, a separate DC source is utilized for activating the
field coils.
Self Excited DC Machine
Shunt Wound
In Shunt wound DC Machines, the field coils are allied in parallel through the
armature. As the shunt field gets the complete o/p voltage of a generator otherwise a
motor supply voltage, it is normally made of a huge number of twists of fine wire with
a small field current carrying.
Series Wound
In series-wound D.C. Machines, the field coils are allied in series through the
armature. As series field winding gets the armature current, as well as the armature
current is huge, due to this the series field winding includes few twists of wire of
big cross-sectional region.
Compound Wound
A compound machine includes both the series as well as shunt fields. The two
windings are carried-out with every machine pole. The series winding of the machine
includes few twists of a huge cross-sectional region, as well as the shunt windings,
include several fine wire twists.
The connection of the compound machine can be done in two ways. If the shunt-field
is allied in parallel by the armature only, then the machine can be named as the ‘short
shunt compound machine’ & if the shunt-field is allied in parallel by both the
armature as well as series field, then the machine is named as the ‘long shunt
compound machine’.
Stator (Field)
Rotor (Armature)
Flemings Right Hand Rule
Working of DC Generator
EMF EQUATION OF A DC GENERATOR
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC GENERATOR:
Based on Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. i.e
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux the E.M.F is Induced
In generator, the rate of change of flux linkages is due to rotation

of the conductor.
•That means E.M.F generated is dynamically induced E.M.F
 EMF EQUATION OF A DC GENERATOR

Let
P = No of Generator poles
 = Flux per pole in Weber's
Z =Total number of armature conductors
= No. of slots  No. of conductors/slot
A = No of parallel paths in Armature
N = Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)
Eg = EMF induced in any one of the parallel paths of armature
EMF GENERATION IN A DC GENERATOR
Average EMF generated per conductor, = d / dt
Flux cut per conductor in one revolution d= P
webers
No. of Armature revolutions per second = N/60
Time for one revolution dt = 60/N
Average EMF generated per conductor = d / dt
= (P)/(60 / N)
= (PN) / 60
volts
EMF generated per conductor= (PN) / 60 volts
No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path Z /
A
E.M.F generated/path   PNZ
Volts
60A
Generate E.M.F,
Problem 1

Calculate the EMF generated in a 6 pole lap wound

armature having 36 slots and 24 conductors per slot,
when the shaft is driven at 1000 rpm. The flux per
pole is 0.016 Wb
Given data,
No of poles,P = 6
No. of Parallel paths, A=P=
6
No. of armature conductors, Z = 36*24
Armature N = 1000 rpm
Speed, Flux Φ = 0.016 Wb
per pole, Z N P
E g = ×
6 A
0

Eg = (A=P
ΦZN )
600 . 0 1 6 × ( 3 6  2 4 )
E = = 230.4
1 0 0 0 6
g

V
0
 Problem 2
A 4 pole DC Generator a wave wound armature has 51 slots with each
slot containing 20 conductors. Find the EMF generated when the
machine is driven at 1500 rpm assuming flux per pole to be 7.0mWb
Given data,
P=4
Z = 51x20 = 1020
N = 1500 rpm
Φ = 7.0mWb = 7x10-3
Wb
A = 2 (wave wound)
Z N
EMF
generated, P
E g

Eg
77 0 1 0  3
=1 0 2 0
× 1 5 0 0 = 357
= 4 60
×  V
6
20