MALARIA PREVENTION

STRATEGIES
 GROUP SEVEN MEMBERS

[Link] Najah Bright 9. Ntiri goodman Michael

[Link] Hasia 10. Obeng monica
[Link] Mohammed 11. Abdul rauf Alhassan
4. Nii Martey Edmund 12. Obodai torgbor Daniel
5 Nkansah atta lord isaac 13ofori wiafi caleb
6. Nketia erica 14 Oheneba David
15 Okwan Eunice
7. Nkuah afia Dorinda
16. Osei amankwaa prince
[Link] abrafi afia
[Link] Nuridin
 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Vector control/breaking channel of transmission
strategies(Antiadult and antilarval.)
• Environmental management and sanitation
• Health education and behavior change
• Role of community participation
• Challenges in prevention of malaria in rural/urban settings
• Summary
• references
 ANTIADULT MEASURES
• This consists of spraying the insecticides
A. Indoor Residual spraying(IRS) :
spraying the indoor surfaces of houses
with insecticides like
DDT(dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane),
Malathion, fenitrothion were used in
previous years, now common ones used
are deltametrin, cyfluthrin. Though
ORS(Outdoor Residual Spraying) is
gaining more attention because of
anopheles gambiae yet IRS remains the
complementary strategy precisely in the
northern part of Ghana
 USE OF INSECTICIDES TREATED
NETS(ITNs)
• ITNs are physical barrier that
complements environmental
strategies. Long lasting insecticides
nets(LLINs) remains effective for 3-
5years. IT reduces indoor mosquito
populations and bites during peak
hours ( dusk t o dawn).ITNs
widespread use has significantly
reduced morbidity and mortality
across sub-Saharan Africa especially
the more vulnerable(under five
years)
 CONT….
Over the years innovations and alternatives have made in
the insecticide treatment nets(ITNs);
• Dual-ingredient nets; New LLNs combine combine
pyrethyroids with other agents like;
1. Piperonyl butoxide(PBO); blocks mosquito detox enzymes
2. Chlorfenapyr; disrupts energy production
3. Pyriproxyfen; an insect growth regulator.
 ANTI-LARVAL MEASURES
 These are chemicals directly toxic
to mosquito larvae:
TEMEPHOS : an organophosphate
widely used in public health programs
METHOPRENE: An insect growth
regulator that prevents larvae from
maturing
OILS: Could be mineral or vegetable
oil ; a form of film on water that
suffocates larvae and pupae.
 ANTI-LARVAE CNT…
BIOLOGICAL LARVICIDES
These are environmentally friendly
and targeted specific:
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)
and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs): These
bacteria produce toxins that are lethal
to mosquito larvae but harmless to
humans and other animals.
These are often sprayed in stagnant
water using hand-held sprayers.
 BIOLOGICAL CONT…

Likewise, larvivorous fish, also known as mosquito

fish (including Gambusia affinis) have been used in
some settings to consume larval vector populations
 Environmental management and sanitation
Environmental management and sanitation practices play a crucial role in malaria prevention
by reducing mosquito breeding sites and human-vector contact. These practices involve
modifying the environment to eliminate or reduce mosquito larval habitats and promoting
community sanitation to minimize breeding grounds
Environmental Modification:
•This involves permanent changes to the environment to eliminate or reduce mosquito
breeding sites. Examples include:
 Drainage: Improving drainage systems to prevent stagnant water accumulation, which is a
primary breeding ground for mosquitoes.
•· Filling: Filling in low-lying areas, ditches, and other depressions where water can collect.
• · Water Management: Implementing proper irrigation practices and managing water
storage to prevent mosquito breeding.
• · Habitat Removal: Eliminating or modifying natural habitats like swamps, marshes, and
ponds where mosquitoes breed
Cont……
Environmental Manipulation
This involves temporary changes to the environment to reduce mosquito
breeding. Examples include:
Regular Cleaning: Cleaning and emptying containers that can hold water,
such as tires, flower pots, and discarded containers.
Covering Water Storage: Ensuring proper covering of water storage
containers to prevent mosquito access for laying eggs.
Larviciding: Applying larvicides to kill mosquito larvae in water bodies.
Biological Control: Introducing natural predators of mosquito larvae, such as
certain fish species, to control mosquito populations
 Cont……
Sanitation Practices for Malaria Prevention:
Proper Waste Disposal:
Ensuring proper disposal of solid waste to prevent the accumulation of containers that can hold
water and become breeding sites.
Improved Sanitation Infrastructure:
Providing access to clean and safe sanitation facilities to reduce open defecation, which can
contribute to mosquito breeding.
Personal Hygiene:
Promoting personal hygiene practices, such as handwashing and keeping living spaces clean, to
minimize the risk of infection
 Health education and behavior change
Health education and behavior change are crucial components in preventing malaria. By raising awareness
about malaria transmission, promoting preventive measures like insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor
residual spraying (IRS), and encouraging prompt and appropriate treatment-seeking behavior, these
interventions can significantly reduce the burden of malaria
•Raising Awareness:
Health education campaigns aim to increase knowledge about malaria, including how it's transmitted
(primarily through mosquito bites), its symptoms, and the importance of preventative measures.
•Promoting Preventive Measures:
Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs): Encouraging consistent and correct use of ITNs is vital, as they are a
highly effective method of preventing mosquito bites while sleeping.
Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS): Promoting IRS, where insecticides are sprayed on the walls of houses,
can help to eliminate mosquitoes indoors
 Cont…..
· Encouraging Prompt Treatment:
Educating individuals about the importance of seeking timely treatment for malaria
symptoms, especially among vulnerable groups like young children and pregnant
women, is essential to prevent severe illness and death.
· Addressing Misconceptions:
Health education can help to dispel misconceptions about malaria, such as its causes,
transmission, and prevention, which can hinder the adoption of recommended
practice. This can be done through outreaches and seminars.
 Role of community in malaria prevention
Community participation is crucial for effective malaria prevention and control. It enhances the
success of interventions by ensuring they are tailored to local contexts, promoting ownership, and
fostering sustainable behavior change. When communities are actively involved, they are more
likely to embrace prevention measures, seek timely treatment, and participate in surveillance
efforts
1. Enhanced Understanding and Acceptance of Interventions:
 Community participation ensures that interventions are culturally appropriate and address local
needs and belief.
2. Increased Uptake of Preventive Measures:
 Active participation can improve the uptake of preventative measures like insecticide-treated
bed nets (ITNs) and other vector control methods
 Cont….

3. Improved Treatment Seeking Behaviors:

 Community participation can encourage prompt and appropriate treatment-seeking for malaria,
reducing the risk of severe illness and death
4. Enhanced Surveillance and Monitoring:
 Community members can play a vital role in malaria surveillance by reporting suspected cases,
helping to track the spread of the disease and identify high-risk areas.
5. Empowering Communities:
 Community participation empowers individuals and communities to take control of their health
and well-being
 Challenges in prevention of malaria in rural/urban
Rural Malaria Prevention Challenges: settings
1. Poverty and Socioeconomic Factors;
Poverty restricts access to resources like insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), mosquito repellents, and healthcare
services.
2. Limited Access to Healthcare:
Remote rural locations often have poor road infrastructure and limited healthcare facilities, making it difficult to
access timely diagnosis and treatment.
3. Poor Housing and Sanitation:
Poorly constructed housing and inadequate sanitation contribute to mosquito breeding, increasing the risk of malaria
transmission.
4. Low Levels of Awareness:
Lack of knowledge about malaria transmission and prevention methods can lead to ineffective preventative practice
 Cont….
Urban Malaria Prevention Challenges:
1. Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization:
Uncontrolled urban growth leads to increased mosquito breeding sites due to poor sanitation, improper waste
management, and construction activities.
2. Population Movement and Migration:
Urban areas attract migrants from rural regions, potentially introducing malaria to previously unaffected areas and
complicating surveillance efforts.
3. Heterogeneous Environments:
Urban landscapes are diverse, with formal and informal settlements presenting varying challenges for vector control
and requiring tailored interventions.
4. Strain on Healthcare Systems:
Urban health systems can be overwhelmed by multiple health challenges, potentially leading to inadequate malaria
diagnosis and treatment.
 SUMMARY
• Malaria prevention cannot be achieved individually but by
every effort of each member of the community, By
employing these strategies mentioned like the use
insecticide nets, environmental modifications, sanitation
measures, it can be achieved.
• As future Health Professionals, let as spearhead, the
advocacy for malaria prevention, As it said
“PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE”.
 REFERENCES
• CDC(Center for Disease Control): Strategies for reducing
malaria’s global impact
• NIAID(National institute of allergy and Infectituos
Disease): Malaria Prevention and Control strategies
• DrDoGood: Five best preventive measures against malaria
• WHO; world health organization
THANK YOU