UNIT 1
MODULE 2
Lesson 8
POPULATION
CONTROL MEASURES
DIRECT:
•FAMILY PLANNING
•GOVERNMENT
POLICIES
NATURAL
Abstinence
DESCRIPTION: No sex or intimate contact until you’re married or
mature enough to handle what happens with sexual intimacy.
“Outercourse” is a term used to describe intimate contact short of
intercourse
EFFECTIVENESS: 100% effective if no semen enters the vagina.
SIDE EFFECTS: You won’t have to worry about getting pregnant or
getting a sexually transmitted infection. And you won’t be loaded down
with a relationship that can get sticky and hard to handle.
WHERE TO GET IT: You’ve got it! “NO” is one of the first words you
ever learned.
Withdrawal (Pulling Out)
DESCRIPTION: A man who uses withdrawal will pull his penis out of
the vagina before ejaculation — the moment when semen spurts out
of his penis.
EFFECTIVENESS: VERY LOW!
1 of 5 women practicing withdrawal become pregnant
Very difficult for a male to ‘control’
SIDE EFFECTS: High risk of pregnancy, STIs and HIV/AIDS
ARTIFICIAL : TEMPORARY
BARRIER METHODS
•Spermicides
•Male Condom
•Female Condom
•Diaphragm
•Cervical Cap
BARRIER
•Prevents pregnancy, blocks the
egg and sperm from meeting.
•Barrier methods have higher
failure rates than hormonal
methods due to design and
human error.
SPERMICIDES
• Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina
• Different forms:
-Jelly -Film
-Foam -Suppository
• Some work instantly, others require pre-
insertion
• Only 76% effective (used alone), should be
used in combination with another method
i.e., condoms
MALE CONDOM
• Most common and effective
barrier method when used
properly.
• Latex and Polyurethane should
only be used in the prevention of
pregnancy and spread of STI’s
(including HIV)
FEMALE CONDOM
• Made as an alternative to male condoms
• Polyurethane
• Physically inserted in the vagina
• Perfect rate = 95%
• Typical rate = 79%
• Woman can use female condom if partner
refuses
Reality : The Female Condom
DIAPRAGHM
• Perfect Effectiveness Rate = 94%
• Typical Effectiveness Rate = 80%
• Latex barrier placed inside vagina during
intercourse
• Fitted by physician
• Spermicidal jelly before insertion
• Inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse
and can be left in for a total of 24 hours
CERVICAL CAP
• Latex barrier inserted in vagina before
intercourse
• “Caps” around cervix with suction
• Fill with spermicidal jelly prior to use
• Can be left in body for up to a total of 48 hours
• Must be left in place six hours after sexual
intercourse
• Perfect effectiveness rate = 91%
• Typical effectiveness rate = 80%
Hormonal Methods
• Oral Contraceptives
(Birth Control Pill)
• Injections (Depo-Provera)
• Implants (Norplant I & II)
Hormonal Methods
BIRTH CONTROL PILLS
• Pills can be taken to prevent pregnancy
• Pills are safe and effective when taken properly
• Pills are over 99% effective
• Women must have a pap smear to get a prescription for birth control
pills
Hormonal Methods
DEPO-PROVERA
• Birth control shot given once every three months to prevent
pregnancy
• 99.7% effective preventing pregnancy
• No daily pills to remember
Hormonal Methods
IMPLANTS
• Implants are placed in the body filled with hormone that prevents
pregnancy
• Physically inserted in simple 15 minute outpatient procedure
• Plastic capsules the size of paper matchsticks inserted under the skin
in the arm
• 99.95% effectiveness rate
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUD)
• T-shaped object placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy
• Must be on period during insertion
• A Natural childbirth required to use
IUD
• Extremely effective without using hormones > 97 %
• Must be in monogamous relationship
STERILIZATION
• Procedure performed on a man or a woman permanently sterilizes
• Female = Tubal Ligation
• Male = Vasectomy
TUBAL LIGATION
• Surgical procedure performed on a woman
• Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized,
prevents eggs from reaching sperm
• Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8%-
3.7%
• May experience heavier periods
VASECTOMY
• Male sterilization procedure
• Ligation of Vas Deferens tube
• No-scalpel technique available
• Faster and easier recovery than a tubal ligation
• Failure rate = 0.1%, more effective than female sterilization
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
