The Animal Cell, Presented

by;

Tissues, Talua, Niko

Bello, Kristal
Jean

Organ and Supatan,

Roky
Organ System
 Objectives:
To recognize and define the different levels of organization:
cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
 Explain the basic function of each level, including the role
of cells as the basic unit life, the coordinated action of
tissues, the specialized functions of organs, and the
integrated work of organ systems to carry out life process.
 To understand the parts that make up each level in their
specific functions
Overview:
 Proponent of the cell
 All about cell
 All about tissue
 All about organ
 All about organ system
Related Study
 Who discovered the animal cell?
Robert Hooke first discovered and named cells in 1665, while
examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope. He
observed that the cork was composed of tiny, box-like
compartment, which he called cells because they reminded
him of the cells in a monastery. (Novikkof, A.B)
 Cells

Cells are the basic and smallest

unit of life, any living organism
(animals, plants, bacteria, fungi
etc.)are composed of cell.
(Lobo, I. 2008)
 Main functions of cell
 The cell provides support and structure to the body.
 It facilitates growth by mitosis.
 It helps in reproduction.
 Provides energy and allows the transport of substances .
(Tavolga, W. N. 1975)
Cell can be classified
depending on the Living organisms
Example: bacteria
presence of nucleus that are prokaryotic
and archaea(single-
• Prokaryotic Cells in nature are called
celled organism)
(without cell) prokaryotes.
 The function of cells in frog

Frog cells functions like cells in other organisms but with

adaptations for amphibian life, such as nucleated red blood cells for
DNA research, specialized skin cells electrolyte absorption, unique
embryonic cell cycles with rapid divisions.
During early development, cell movements and shape changes and
gastrulation create the three germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm , and
endoderm that form the various tissue and organs of the adult frog.
(Hickman, C. P,. [Link])
Tissues:
Group of similar
cells of the same
origin and function
are called tissues
There are four basic type of tissue

1. Connective Tissue
2. Epithelial Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue and
4. Nervous Tissue
 Connective Tissue
 Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that consists of large
cells that store lipid.

Cartilage is a hard yet flexible tissue that supports such structures as the
outer ear and forms the entire skeleton of such animals as shark and rays.

 Bone cells (osteocytes ) is heavily impregnated with calcium phosphate,

making this kind of tissue hard and ideally suited for its functions of
support and protection.

Blood is a connective tissue in which a fluid called plasma suspends

specialized red and white blood cells plus platelets.
 Epithelial Tissue
 Epithelial tissue in many structural forms.
 In general, it either covers or lines something and typically
consists of renewable sheets of cells that have surface
specializations adapted for their specific roles.
 Epithelial tissue absorb (e.g., the lining of the small
intestine ), transport (e.g., kidney tubules ), excrete (e.g.,
sweat gland ), protect (e.g., the skin ), and contain nerve cells
for sensory reception (e.g., the buds in the tongue. )
 Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue’s primary function in animals is to
enable movement through contraction. This is
achieved by specialized cells called myocytes or
muscle fibers, which can shorten and produce force.
 Nervous tissue
 Nervous tissue is a specialized tissue in animals
responsible for communication and coordination
throughout the body. And it enables animals to
perceive stimuli, process information, and generate
appropriate responses.
 Stroma or Interstitlum is a
functional tissue that supports and
gives structure to organs.

Epithellum is a fuctional tissue

that forms the covering the
surfaces of the body, body lining
cavities and hollow organs.

Organs may be solid or hollow and

vary depending in size complexity.
The heart, lungs, brain, kidney, and
stomach are example of organs.
 Functions of tissue in frog
Muscle tissue
Striated Muscle:
Composed of long, striped fibers, this tissue controls voluntary
movements like hopping and is attached to the skeleton.
Smooth Muscle:
Found in the digestive system, blood vessels and internal organs,
this tissue is involuntary and smaller than striated muscle.
Cardiac Muscle:
A specialized type of muscle that makes up the heart, functioning
involuntarily like smooth muscle but resembling striated muscle.
Epithelial Tissue
Skin (Integumentary System):
The skins outermost layer, the epidermis, consists of stratified
squamous epithelium, providing protection, respiration, and
osmoregulation.
Linings
Epithelial tissues also line internal organs, such as the digestive tract,
and form glands that secrete mucus and poison.
 Parenchyma is a
functional tissue of
an organ as
distinguished in
An organ is a between the
structure made up connective and
of different tissues supporting tissue
that perform found in most
specific bodily animals and
Organ functions . plants .

Organ contain
tissues
Solid Organ are organ that Hollow Organ have cavities
are interact or compact. that are interact or
(liver, pancreas, spleen compact.(stomach,
kidney) intestines, rectum, bladder)
 How helpful are the organ in frog?

All of a frogs internal organs are helpful as they collectively

maintain its life functions, from the livers role in digestion and
metabolism to the hearts role in blood circulation, and the kidneys
role in filtering waste. The lungs and skin facilitate respiration, the
stomach and intestines process food, and specialized organs like fat
bodies provide energy for hibernation and mating.
 An organ system is a
collection of organs that
Organ system
work together to perform
a similar functions.
 There are different organ systems in the body, each with its own specific
functions:
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Nervous System
• Circulatory System
• Respiratory System
• Excretory System
• Digestive System
• Endocrine System
• Integumentary System
• Reproductive System
 Skeletal

Gives structure and support

Protects internal organ

Makes locomotion /movement possible

Bones – 50% water, 26% minerals (Ca and P),20% protein, and 4% fat

Cartilage- Soft, tough tissue found between bones that cushions joints

Ligaments – Long stretchy tissue that holds joints together

Muscular

Primary function is movement .

* External and internal

• Also protect delicate organs
• Muscles make up about half our livestock animals weight.
• Muscles are the meat of the animal
• Composed mostly of protein
Nervous
 Uses electrical impulses to send messages from brain throughout the
body.
Control activity, learning, memory
Circulatory
Heart- technically a muscle
Pumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves
Arteries – Carry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart to tissues
Veins- Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart
Respiratory
 Nose- External opening of the body
Pharynx and Larynx – Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea
- Larynx is the voice box
Trachea- Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with lungs
Lungs –”bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air and
expel old air
Functions is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide
Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in the alveoli.
Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of the diaphragm.
Excretory
 Also referred to as the urinary system.
Kidneys- remove waste materials from blood
Bladder – Holds liquid wastes – urine

Endocrine
 Ductless glands in the body
Secrete hormones that chemically regulate certain functions of the
body
Play a large role in reproduction, digestion, growth, etc.
Integumentary
Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etc.
 Keeps out pathogens, regulates body temperature, gives shape and color,
protects internal organs
 System made almost entirely out of protein

Reproductive
Most complex system in animals
 Allows for reproduction of animals and the continuation of the species
 Different structures between male and female
 Most animals fundamentally have the same system , just varies in
structure between species
 Circulatory
Circulatory system is a network of vessels and pump (heart)
that transports blood and other fluids throughout the body,
delivering nutrients and oxygen while removing waste
products .

Types of Circulatory Systems:

Closed Circulatory System:
Blood remains within vessels and is separated from the interstitial
fluid. This system is characteristic of vertebrates and some
invertebrates.
Open Circulatory System:
Blood is pumped into a cavity called the hemocoel, where it bathes
the organs directly before returning to the heart. This system is
common in anthropods and some mollusks .

Digestive System
 Digestivesystem in an animals is a breakdown of food into nutrients. It varies
across species, but generally involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and
elimination .The main parts of the digestive system include the oral cavity,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
 How helpful are the organ system in frog?

Frog organ systems are vital for survival, with specialized

digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive
systems that enable their amphibious lifestyle, allowing them
to breathe on land and in water, move, and reproduce.
 Related Study
Animals are organized into different levels, from
the smallest cell up to the whole organism. Alberts et
al. (2015) explained that animal cells are the basic unit
of life, while Lodish et al.(2016) showed how stem
cells develop into specialized cells. At the tissue level,
Junqueira and Carneiro (2013) described the four
main animal tissues epithelial, connective, muscle,
nervous.
 Organ represent a higher level of organization.
Braunwald (2013) studied the heart as an important organ
for circulation, and Kardong (2014) compared animal organs
across species to show similarities and differences . When
organs work together, they form organ system. Schmidt-
Nielsen (1997)explained how systems like the respiratory and
digestive system keep animal alive. Janeway et al. (2001) also
studied immune systems in different animals.
Finally, at the organism level, Margulis and Champman
(2010) showed that all systems combine to form a complete
animal, while Willmer et al. (2009) studied how animals adapt
as whole organisms to their environment.
Critique Paper
 Objective
To recognized the different levels of organization: cell,
tissue, organ, organ system.
 Explain the basic function of each level, including the role
of cells as the basic unit life, the coordinated action of
tissues, the specialized functions of organs, and the
integrated work of organ systems to carry out life process.
 To understand that each living organisms has a definite
reason on how they are way of living.
 Introduction:

The study of the level of biological organization in animals is

essential for understanding how life is structured and
sustained. From the smallest unit, the cell, to the complete
organism, each level contributes to the survival and adaptation
of animals Champman (2010)
 Strengths and Limitations:
The frameworks major strength lies in its clarity and
emphasis on emergent properties, such as how tissues
collectively perform functions no single cell can achieve
(Solomon et al. 2016). And some animals thrive without
fully developed tissues or organs, showing that
complexity is not the only path to survival. Ruppert et al.
(2004)
 Indications:
The study of animal complexity through levels of
organization is significant because it provides a
framework for understanding biological structure and
function. It demonstrate how individual components
such as cells, tissues, organs, and organ system interact
to sustain life process.
 Conclusion:
The studies reviewed have significantly contributed to the
understanding of the levels of organizations in animals, from
the cellular to the organismal level. They remain valuable
references in the biological sciences due to their clarity,
reliability , and scope. Stone et al. (2009)
Thank you for listening!!!