THE
WRITING
PROCESS
MODULE 2
It is a series of sentences
developing one topic.
Parts of a Paragraph
TOPIC
TOPIC
SENTENCE
SENTENCE
SUPPORTING
SUPPORTING
L UDDII
NN G
G
SENTENCES
SENTENCES CO
C ON C
NCL U
N TEENNCC E
E
SSEENT
Topic
Sentence
• The topic of a paragraph
is stated in one sentence.
This is called the topic
sentence.
Supporting
Sentences
• The sentences that follow
further explain and
support the topic
sentence. They are called
supporting sentences.
Concluding or
Clincher Sentence
• Restate the topic sentence in different
words.
• A clincher sentence or concluding
sentence clinches the point made in the
paragraph.
• It summarizes the paragraph.
topic sentence COVID – 19
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused
by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the
COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness
and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people, and
those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, supporting
sentences
diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to
develop serious illness. The best way to prevent and slow down
transmission is be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the
disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from
infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based rub
frequently and not touching your face. The COVID-19 virus spreads
primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when
an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also
practice respiratory etiquette. At this time, there are no specific
vaccines or treatments for the highly communicable COVID-19. concluding
sentence
Source: World Health Organization
The rest of the paragraph
consists of sentences that
develop or explain the main idea. topic sentence
Incredible Rats
Through the centuries rats have
managed to survive all our efforts to destroy
them. We have poisoned them and trapped
them. We have fumigated, flooded, and
supporting burned them. We have tried germ warfare.
sentences Some rats even survived atomic bomb tests
conducted on Entwetok atoll in the Pacific
after World War II. In spite of all our efforts,
concluding these enemies of ours continue to prove that
sentence they are the most indestructible of pests.
topic sentence
Canada the Great White North
There are three reasons why Canada is one of
the best countries in the world. First, Canada
has an excellent health care system. All supporting
sentences
Canadians have access to medical services at a
reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high
standard of education. Students are taught by
well-trained teachers and are encouraged to
continue studying at university. Finally,
Canada's cities are clean and efficiently
managed. Canadian cities have many parks and
lots of space for people to live. As a result,
Canada is a desirable place to live. concluding
sentence
Take Note!
•A good and effective
paragraph integrates the
elements of unity and
coherence.
Unity in the
Paragraph
Every sentence in a paragraph should
support the main idea expressed in the topic
sentence.
main idea
e s e nt
t en c e nc e
se n e se n te n
c ce
ten
se n
Coherence
Coherence in
in a
a Paragraph
Paragraph
• Stick to the point: The ideas have a clear
and logical relation to each other.
• Put details or examples or
incidents in logical order. 3
4
2
chronological 1
in relation to each other
in order of importance
Connecting Sentences
Within the Paragraph
Transition Words
chronological objects in relation in order of
order to one another importance
first next to however
meanwhile in front of furthermore
later beside as a result
afterwards between in fact
finally behind yet
Take Note!
• Unity is observed when all sentences
revolve around a single idea.
• Coherence implies organization;
supporting details are arranged
correctly so that information that
goes together, appears together.
Take Note!
• Sentences should be correctly
constructed avoiding fragments and
run-ons.
Sentence Fragment is a string of words
that does not form a complete sentence.
Ex. Many beautiful spots in the
Philippines
Take Note!
Run-on Sentence occurs when two or
more independent clauses (also
known as complete sentences) are
connected improperly.
Ex. I love to write papers I would write
one every day if I had the time.
Take Note!
I love to write papers. I would write
one every day if I had the time.
I love to write papers; I would write
one every day if I had the time.
I love to write papers, and I would
write one every day if I had the time.
Take Note!
Because I love to write papers, I
would write one every day if I had the
time.
• In formatting a paragraph, margins,
indention, connectedness of
sentences, and title need to be
considered.
Take Note!
• A paragraph has a margin on both
sides and the first sentence is
indented.
• Sentences should follow each other
and do not individually begin on a new
line.
• The title captures the topic of the
paragraph.
STAGES OF
WRITING
Pre-Writing Stage
• This is the first stage in the
writing process.
•It is the “before writing” stage
or what the writer does before
doing the first draft.
Pre-Writing Stage
• This stage requires the
writer to supply the needed
information in terms of the
purpose of the paper, topic,
and gathering information.
A. Purpose of the paper
This further leads to the
content of the paper, its
organization and style;
thus, it is necessary.
B. Topic
Thoughts and ideas about
the given/chosen topic
should be adequate to
complete the entire
output.
C. Gathering information
A writer must know
where to get
information that will
enrich his/her topic.
Pre-Writing
Techniques
1. Keep a journal of experiences, ideas, and
perceptions.
2. Freewriting allows one to anything that
enters the mind.
3. Brainstorm by listing ideas as quickly as
they occur.
4. Cluster by drawing lines and circles that
show connection between and among ideas.
Example (Freewriting of a student who needs to write a paper
about the environment):
I have to write a paper about the environment. I have no idea
where to start! I know there are many problems with the
environment, but I don’t know much about this topic. Maybe
I could take a look at my biology book to come up with some
ideas. I know my biology professor is also really into the
environment, so maybe I could ask for his help. I remember he
was talking about hybrid cars in class the other day and how
much better those are for the environment. What is a hybrid car?
I know it uses some sort of alternative fuel and they are
becoming very popular. Maybe that is something I could write
about…
Example (Brainstorming of a student who
needs to write a paper about the
environment):
Environment
Problems
Future
Cars
Alternative fuels
Hybrid cars
Costs
Benefits?
Example (Clustering of a student who
needs to write a paper on the value of a
college education)
Pre-Writing
Techniques
5. Ask questions using the reporter’s
5Ws – who, what, where, why, when, and
how.
6. Read. A good writer is a wide reader.
7. Observe details through the senses.
8. Probe imagination for ideas.
Example (Questions of a student who needs to
write a report on the political conflict in the
Middle East):
• Who is involved in the conflict?
• What issues most clearly divide those engaged
in this dispute?
• When did the troubles in the Middle East begin,
and how have they developed over time?
• Where does the conflict seem most heated or
violent?
• Why have those living in this area found it so
difficult to resolve the situation?
• How might this conflict be resolved?
Writing Stage
•The writing stage is the part where
the writer begins producing the first
draft.
•The ideas which are generated
during the pre-writing stage are now
utilized in this stage.
What to Do and What
Not to Do in Writing the
First Draft
1. Do not overanalyze.
2. Do follow the flow of
ideas, even if it is not
what was originally
planned.
What to Do and What
Not to Do in Writing the
First Draft
3. Do not overstate
details.
4. Do integrate the
principles of technical
writing.
Post-Writing Stage
•This stage is also known as the
“revision stage”.
•This is where the writer reads the
draft, checks errors, and makes sure
that it contains the necessary
information.
Post-Writing Stage
•The different parts should be
complete.
•Unity and coherence have to be
clearly seen in the output.
•Grammar and mechanics should
be correct.
