CMPRGE
C Programming
Looping
(Iterative Statements)
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the session, students should be
able to:
•Impose programming looping statements on
solutions to programming problems
•Use looping statements to execute
statements in a program repetitively
Loops
In the programming often there is a need to
perform an action over and over or repeatedly,
often with variations in the details each time we
repeat. This repetitive operation is done through
the control structure called loop or iteration.
There are three types of looping, namely:
• while loop
• do-while loop
• for loop
while Loop
A while loop in C programming repeatedly
executes a target statement as long as a given
condition is true.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
while Loop
The condition expression (something like (a >
b) etc...) is evaluated first. If the expression
evaluates to True the looping continues; that
is, the statements inside the statement block
are executed. After the execution, the
expression is evaluated again. The process is
repeated over and over until the expression
evaluates to false.
while Loop
Write a program that #include<stdio.h>
main()
generates the given {
sequence nos. int n;
clrscr();
Sequences nos. printf(“While Loop Example –
1 Sequence Nos.
1 – 5”);
2
n=1;
3 while (n<=5) {
4 printf(“\n %d”, n);
delay(3000);
5 n++;
}
getch();
}
while Loop
• The initial value for n is 1. The program pointer evaluates the
condition expression n<=5. Since n has a initial value of 1,
therefore the condition is evaluated to be true. Once the
condition is evaluated to true, all the statements within the body
of the loop are executed.
• The program pointer iterates(loop) all over again until the
condition is evaluated and tested to false. This is the only time
the loop process stops executing the statements within the body
of the loop.
• The delay (3000) animate the looping or iteration process. The
value inside the parenthesis of the delay() function means the
computer would delay or pause the execution for about 3000
milliseconds before proceeding to the next iteration process.
while Loop
Write a program #include<stdio.h>
main()
that will count the {
int count, num, sum;
number of input clrscr();
printf(“Input numbers: \n”);
numbers and scanf(“%d”, &num);
display their sum, count=0;
sum=0;
for the loop to while (num!=0)
{
terminate, 0 sum = sum + num;
scanf(“%d”, &num);
number is used. count++;
}
printf(“The total input number is: %d\n”, count);
printf(“The sum of all numbers: %d\n”, sum);
getch();
}
while Loop
#include<stdio.h>
Write a program main()
{
that will count the int count=0, sum=0, num;
number of input char quit;
clrscr();
numbers and printf("\n\nEnter a number [Press q to quit]: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
display their sum, while((quit!='q')&&(quit!='Q'))
{
press q to quit. sum=sum+num;
count++;
printf("\nEnter a number [Press q to quit]:
");
scanf("%d",&num);
quit=getchar();
}
printf("\n\nThe total input number is %d\n", count);
printf("\n\nThe sum of all numbers: %d",sum);
getch();
}
do-while Loop
Test the loop condition at the top of the loop, the
do...while loop in C programming checks its condition
at the bottom of the loop. A do...while loop is similar to
a while loop, except the fact that it is guaranteed to
execute at least one time.
Syntax:
do {
statement(s);
} while( condition );
do-while Loop
#include<stdio.h>
Display the main()
{
numbers 1 to 5 in int n;
descending orders. clrscr();
printf(“do while Loop Example –Nos. 1 –
5 in descending orders”);
n=5;
do {
printf(“\n %d”, n);
delay(3000);
n--;
} while (n>=1);
getch();
}
do-while Loop
#include<stdio.h>
Computes the main()
{
factorial value of int f,n,i;
n(as input) and clrscr();
printf(“\nEnter a number: ”);
displays it. scanf(“%d”, &n);
f=1;
i=n;
do {
f=f*i;
i--;
} while (i>=1);
printf(“\n The factorial value: %d”,f);
getch();
}
do-while Loop
#include<stdio.h>
Computes the main()
{
factorial value of int f,n,i;
n(as input) and clrscr();
printf(“\nEnter a number: ”);
displays it. scanf(“%d”, &n);
f=1;
i=n;
do {
f=f*i;
i--;
} while (i>=1);
printf(“\n The factorial value: %d”,f);
getch();
}
for Loop
A for loop is a repetition control structure that
allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs
to execute a specific number of times.
Syntax:
for ( init; condition; increment/decrement )
{
statement(s);
}
for Loop
Here is the flow of control in a ‘for’ loop:
•The init step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you
to declare and initialize any loop control variables. You are not
required to put a statement here, as long as a semicolon appears.
•Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop
is executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and
the flow of control jumps to the next statement just after the ‘for’
loop.
•After the body of the ‘for’ loop executes, the flow of control jumps
back up to the increment/decrement statement. This statement
allows you to update any loop control variables. This statement can
be left blank, as long as a semicolon appears after the condition.
for Loop
Display the #include<stdio.h>
int main()
lowercase alphabet {
clrscr();
a to z. char ch;
for(ch='A';ch<='z';ch++) {
printf("%c\n",ch);
delay(300);
}
getch();
return 0;
}
for Loop
Count the number #include<stdio.h>
main()
for 10 boys whose {
int count, i;
weight is less than float weight, height;
count = 0;
50 kgs and height is printf("Enter weight and height for 10 boys\n");
for (i =1; i <= 10; i++)
greater than 170 {
cm. scanf("%f %f", &weight, &height);
if (weight < 50 && height > 170)
count = count + 1;
}
printf("Number of boys with weight < 50 kgs\
n");
printf("and height > 170 cm = %d\n", count);
getch();
}
Nested for Loop
The concept of using a loop within a loop is called
nested loop. If a for loop contains another for
loop statement, such loop is called nested for
loop. A nested for loop can contain any number of
for loop statements within itself. Usually only two
loops are used. In this the first loop is called outer
loop and the second is called inner loop. These
types of loops are used to create matrix. In this the
outer loop is used for counting rows and the
internal loop is used for counting columns.
Nested for Loop
Syntax:
for ( init; condition; increment/decrement ) {
statement(s);
for ( init; condition; increment/decrement ) {
body of inner loop;
}
statement(s);
}
Nested for Loop
Write a program to #include<stdio.h>
main ( )
generate a matrix of {
int i, j;
order 4*4 containing clrscr ( );
symbol * (asterisk).
for (j=1; j<=4; j++) /*outer for loop*/
{
for (i=1; i<=4; i++) /*inner for loop*/
Output: {
**** printf (“*”)
}
**** printf (“\n”);
}
****
**** getch();
return 0;
}
