BASIC LOGIC CIRCUITRY USING RELAY CONTROL
1.) Allocation / Assignment 2.) Negation: NOT function
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIGNAL ACTUATION
1.) Direct Electrical Actuation 2.) Indirect Electrical Actuation
Input Switch or Signal Receivers (eg. sensors)
directly powers the load of the system.
Input Switch or Signal Receivers (eg. sensors)
Disadvantage: No electrical isolation bet.
actuates a relay which then actuates the load
Control circuit and power
circuity; each input can only
Advantage: Electrical isolation; mutiple output
drive one output
BASIC LOGIC CIRCUITRY USING RELAY CONTROL
3.) AND function 4.) OR function
SIGNAL STORAGE IN THE CONTROL SECTION
1.) Dominant-ON 2.) Dominant-OFF
If both ON and OFF switches or inputs are If both ON and OFF switches or inputs are
actuated, the output is actuated -> ON actuated, the output is unactuated -> OFF
SIGNAL STORAGE IN THE POWER SECTION
Double Solenoid Valves are inherently memory valves which stores signal
actuation and state of the valve position. By just applying a pulse on one
solenoid coil, the valve switches to a corresponding position and maintains
until a pulse at the other coil is applied
(click to play Fluid-SIM
animation)
PART C:
READING & INTERPRETTING
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAMS/DRAWINGS
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
-Electrical
Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized drawings of the electrical
connections of the devices of the whole system
- It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the devices and the
actual wiring routes but it shows how the devices are being interconnected with cable lines
through their various terminals
- In addition it shows each devices designation codes for easy tracing and troubleshooting;
and added devices information (eg. rated speed, cable diameter)
- EN 61082-1:2006 is a standard for the preparation of documents for electrotechnology and
defines how electrical circuit diagram of a system is drawn and documented.
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
HYDRRAULIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
-Pneumatic & Hydraulic (Fluid Power) Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized
drawings of the tubing connections or pipe connections of the fluid power devices of the
whole system
-It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the fluid power devices
and the actual pipe routes but it shows how these devices are being interconnected with
tubings or pipelines through their various ports
- In addition it shows each fluid power devices designation codes for easy tracing and
troubleshooting; and added devices information (eg. nominal pressure, pipe diameter)
- One standard for fluid power circuit diagram is the DIN ISO 1219-2 standard.
DIN ISO 1219-2 STANDARD
All components of a circuit have the same main code.
Letters are allocated in relation to the component.
Multiple components within a circuit are numbered serially
Pressure lines are designated with P and are separately serially numbered.
Drives: 1A1, 2A1, 2A2, ...
Valves: 1V1, 1V2, 1V3, 2V1, 2V2, ...
Sensors: 1B1, 1B2, ...
Signal input: 1S1, 1S2, ...
Accessories and Source: 0Z1, 0Z2, 1Z1, ...
Pressure lines: P1, P2, ...
COMPARISON OF PNEUMATICS AND
ELECTROPNEUMATICS
ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC CONTROL
AS COMPARED TO PNEUMATIC CONTROL
Increased reliability (less wear, mechanically moving parts)
Reduced planning and commissioning complexity, particularly
in complex control systems
Reduced installation expenditure
Simple exchange of information between several controllers
ELECTRICAL SWITCHES
Breaks or closes circuit connections used to turn on/off a system, a device
(load) or a station.
Switches are primarily distinguished by their contact configuration:
1. Normally open (make): path 3 to 4
2. Normally closed (break): path 1 to 2
3. Changeover contacts: path 1 to 2 or 1 to 4
MULTIPLE-POLE & DETENT SWITCH
A switch with multiple set of contacts (pole) and one actuating element
13 23 31 41
14 24 32 42
Switch with this circuit symbol means DETENT SWITCH; that is it has
mechanical latching
Sometimes called Rocker Switch
RELAYS
Serves as the foundation for building hard-wiring electrical control of
automated systems (eg. automatic assembly eqt., process eqt.)
Electromagnetically-actuated switch that switches contact via electrical current
that produces magnetic field
ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS
1. Easily adapted to various operating voltages
2. Not much affected by ambient temperature
3. Ideally infinite resistance between contacts in the off-state
4. Ideally zero resistance between contacts in on-state
5. Several independent circuits can be switched
DISADVANTAGES OF RELAYS
1. Working surface of contacts wear through oxidation
2. Larger space requirements compared to transistors and thyristors
3. Noise is created during switching operation (because current generated
magnetic field w/c in turn induces current to other circuits)
4. Limited switching speed (3ms to 17ms)
5. Relatively low pick-up time compared to transistors and thyristors
SAMPLE CIRCUIT USING RELAY CONTROL
SOLENOID
An electromagnetic device used to generate magnetic field
and therefore a resulting mechanical pull or push (usually
linear motion)
It is composed of a long thin loop of conductive wire wrapped
around a magnetic core and generates a magnetic field
around it when an electric current is passed through the
conductive wire
ADVANTAGES OF DC SOLENOIDS
1. Easily switched-on
2. Low Turn-On power
3. Low Holding power
4. Long Service Life (order of 100 million operations)
5. Silent
DISADVANTAGES OF DC SOLENOIDS
1. Over-voltages can occur during cut-off
2. Arc suppression is required
3. High induced contact wear
4. Rectifier is required if only AC voltage is available
5. Longer switching time
SOLENOID + VALVE = SOLENOID VALVES
Uses the principle of solenoid to actuate the valve therefore changes its
switching position
Valves which are electrically actuated via the solenoid are called solenoid
valves and pneumatic valves actuated electrically are called electropneumatic
valves.
Most common electropneumatic valves:
1. 2/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned
2. 3/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned
3. 3/2-Way Valve, Double Solenoid
4. 5/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned
5. 5/2-Way Valve, Double Solenoid
6. 5/3-Way Valve, Double Solenoid, Spring Centered
SOLENOID + VALVE = SOLENOID VALVES
2/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring 3/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring
3/2-Way Valve, Double Solenoid
Returned Returned
5/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring 5/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring
Returned Returned
5/3-Way Valve, Double Solenoid,
Spring Centered
HOW SOLENOID VALVE OPERATES
Two Types of Control:
1. Directly Actuated
- The magnetic field of the solenoid directly pulls or pushes the magnetic
contact of the valve thereby changing its switching position.
2. Pilot Actuated
- The magnetic field of the solenoid indirectly controls the valve switching
position but opens up another pilot line which now switches the valve
position.
- Advantage:
- Smaller solenoid to achieve switching
- Reduced power consumption
- Reduced heat generation
SAMPLE ELECTROPNEUMATICS
CONTROL CIRCUIT
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
-Electrical Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized drawings of the
electrical connections of the devices of the whole system
- It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the devices
and the actual wiring routes but it shows how the devices are being
interconnected with cable lines through their various terminals
- In addition it shows each devices designation codes for easy tracing and
troubleshooting; and added devices information (eg. rated speed, cable
diameter)
- EN 61082-1:2006 is a standard for the preparation of documents for
electrotechnology and defines how electrical circuit diagram of a system is
drawn and documented.
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- Pneumatic Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized drawings of the
pneumatic tubing connections or pipe connections of the pneumatic devices of the
whole system
- It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the pneumatic
devices and the actual pipe routes but it shows how the pneumatic devices are being
interconnected with tubings or pipelines through their various ports
- In addition it shows each pneumatic devices designation codes for easy tracing and
troubleshooting; and added devices information (eg. nominal pressure, pipe diameter)
- One standard for pneumatic circuit diagram is the DIN ISO 1219-2 standard.
DIN ISO 1219-2 STANDARD
All components of a circuit have the same main code.
Letters are allocated in relation to the component.
Multiple components within a circuit are numbered serially
Pressure lines are designated with P and are separately serially numbered.
Drives: 1A1, 2A1, 2A2, ...
Valves: 1V1, 1V2, 1V3, 2V1, 2V2, ...
Sensors: 1B1, 1B2, ...
Signal input: 1S1, 1S2, ...
Accessories and Source: 0Z1, 0Z2, 1Z1, ...
Pressure lines: P1, P2, ...
