UCSP
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND
POLITICS
CHAPTER 4
BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY
ENCULTURATION/
SOCIALIZATION
TALCOTT PARSONS
A Sociologist, spoke of the birth of new generations of
children as a recurrent Barbarian invasion. Human infants
do not possess culture at birth.
BERRY(2002)
Recognized that the term enculturation developed within
the discipline of cultural anthropology and first defined
and used by an American anthropology MELVILLE
HERSKOVITS.
ENCULTURATION/
SOCIALIZATION
MELVILLE HERSKOVITS
Describe enculturation as a process of socialization into and maintenance
of the norms, of one’s indigenous culture such as salient values, ideas,
and concepts.
ENCULTURATION
according to E. ADAMSON HOEBEL, is “both a conscious and
an unconscious conditioning process whereby man, as child and
adult, achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture
and becomes thoroughly enculturated.
ENCULTURATION/
SOCIALIZATION
ENCULTURATION is the process by which people learn the
requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values
and behaviours appropriate or necessary in the culture.
ENCULTURATION
Begins before birth and continues after death. Thus, one
learns respect for the symbols on the nation through
reciting a pledge of allegiance and singing the national
anthem in school.
In the same way, for Grundland and
Mayers, the ENCULTURATION process
has two major aspects: the INFORMAL,
which some call “child training” and some
senses and in other senses runs
concurrently with the FORMAL, more
commonly termed “education”.
SOCIALIZATION
BERRY(2002) stated that socialization refers to the
process of deliberate shaping by way of tutelage of the
individual. While Brinkerhoff et. al(2011) defines socialization
as a process of through which people learn the rules and
practices needed to participate successfully in their culture
and society.
Likewise, socialization, according to Musgrave cited by
Gelles and Lavine is a process whereby one acquires a sense
of personal identity and learns what people in the surrounding
culture belive and how they expect one to behave
IDENTITY
FORMATION
• IDENTITY relates to the understanding
people hold on and believe to what is
meaningful to them as it may be
sourced from gender, sexual
orientation, nationality or ethnicity
and social class.
Two types of IDENTITY
Also called personal
Refers to the identity, makes one
characteristics that unique or distinct
other people individuals. It refers to
attribute to an the process of self-
development through
individual. These are
w/c an individual
regarded as markers formulates a unique
that presents who, a sense of ourself and his
basic sense, that or her relationship to the
world around him/her.
SOCIAL
individual is.
SELF
IDENTITY IDENTITY
NORMS AND
VALUES
NORMS AND VALUES
" Respect your parents“ Use po and opo when your talking to
elders."Dont talk when your mouth is full“ "Thou shall not kill"-are common
filipino values and norms. Everyone in any society conforms,otherwise they
have to face a various type of consequence.
ulture are consist of the values the members of a given group hold, the
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language they speak, the symbols they respect, the norms they follow, and the
materials good they create, from tools to clothing.
Hughes and Kroehler define norms as social rules that specify
appropriate and inappropriate behaviour in given situations. It dictates what
one “should”, “ought” and “must” do, as well as what he/she “should not”,
“could not” and “must” not do.
NORMS AND VALUES
Norms are also established standard of behavior maintained by
society. Thus, a very important norms for the society is to be widely shared
and understood by the members of the society.
Schaefer(2012) define cultural values as collective conception of what is
considered good ,desirable and proper -or bad,undesirable and [Link]
reflects what people in a given culture refer,as well as what they find
important and morally right or wrong.
Another example is found in our society where culture value learning
highly, cultural norms would encourager to devote great energy to studying
and would support parent in making sacrifice for their children's education.
The same also applies for a culture that place great value on hospitality like in
the Philippines.
NORMS
• Are the shared rules of conduct that tell
people how to act in specific situations
VALUES
• are shared beliefs about what is good or bad,
right or wrong desirable or undesirable.
(SCHAEFER,2012)
* define cultural values as collective conceptions of what is
considered good, desirable, undesirable and improper. It reflects
what people in a given culture prefer, as well as what they find
important and morally right or wrong.
*Norms are also established standards of behavior maintained by
society. Thus, a very important norm for the society is to be
widely shared and understood by the members of the society.
(PEOPLES & BAILEY, 1997)
*equally defined, values are regarded as consisting of
people's belief about the goals or way of life that is
desirable for themselves and their society.
(GIDDENS ET. AL., 2007)
*Culture consists of the values the members of a given group holds, the
language they speak, the symbols they respect, the norms they follow, and the
material goods they create, from tools to clothing. The other elements of
culture ,particularly the beliefs and expectations people have about each other
and the world they live in, are component of all social relations.
(MACIONIS 2006)
*Stated that norms operate as
rules and expectations by which
a society guides the behavior of
It's member.
*Values from the standpoint of a
culture are statements of what
'ought to be '.
STATUSES AND
ROLES
STATUS
• To the general public, status often means prestige, but to
the sociologist status is position society.
MACIONIS, 2006
• Status is a part of a persons social identify and defines
his/her relationship to others.
STATUS SET
• Refers to all the statuses a person can hold at a
given time.
ASCRIBED STATUS
• is a social position where a person recieves at
birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.
ACHIEVED STATUS
• a social position, a person takes on voluntarily that reflects
personal ability and effort.
MASTER STATUS
• is a key or core status that carries primary weight in a
person's interaction and relationship with others.
ROLE
• Is a set of expectations for people who occupy a given
social positions or status.
ROBERT MERTON (1968)
Introduced the term role set to identify a number of roles
attached to a single status.
CONFORMITY
and DEVIANCE
CONFORMITY
• is a type of social influence involving a change
in belief or behaviour in order to fit in with a
group.
• compliance with standards, rules, or laws.
• behaviour in accordance with socially accepted
conventions or standards.
• refers to the process of altering one’s
thoughts and actions to adapt to the accepted
behavior within his or her group or society.
DEVIANCE
• the fact or state of departing from usual or
accepted standards, especially in social or
sexual behaviour.
• Any behaviour that violates a cultural norm.
• Is a behaviour that violate the standards of
conduct or expectations or social norms of a
group or society.
• - is defined as a behavior that elicits a strong
negative reaction from group members and
involves actions that violate commonly held
To prevent the occurrence deviant
behaviour, there has to be an effective
means of social control. It is in the
situation when socialization plays an
important tool for ensuring conformity
of all members to the norms and values
of the group
SOCIAL CONTROL
• Refers to the techniques and strategies for
preventing deviant behaviour in any society.
• It also refers to diverse ways in which the
behaviour of the members of a society are
constrained into socially approved channels.
• is defined as any systematic means and practices
used to maintain norms, rules, and laws.
In all levels of society, social control
exists. From family- where children obey their
parents; peer groups- who introduce one to
informal norms like symbolic gestures (hand
shake); universities-for every standard that
students should meet, to bureaucratic
organizations- which formal system of rules
regulations and laws, all levels impose social
norms.
THREE MAIN TYPES OF
SOCIAL CONTROL
PROCESSES
1. Those that lead us to internalize our
society’s normative expectations
2. Those that structure our world of social
experience
3. Those that employ various formal and
informal social sanctions
Those that lead us to internalize our
society’s normative expectations
Where one applies internalization,
a process by which individuals
incorporate within their personalities
the standards of behaviour prevalent
within a larger society, and consider
the standards or norms of the society
as acceptable without thought of
questioning.
Those that structure our world of social
experience
Where the society’s institutions
shape one’s experience. Most of the
time people unconsciously build up
their sense of reality by the way the
society orders its social agenda and
structures social alternatives. Those
that structure our world of social
experience
Those that employ various formal
and informal social sanctions
Where an individual conforms to the
norms of the society—that is because
he/she realizes that to do otherwise is to
incur punishment.
• Formal Sanctions are reactions of official
agents of social control.
• Informal Sanctions are reactions to
deviance that occur in small communities.
FORMS OF DEVIANCE
NON-CRIMINAL
CRIMINAL DEVIANCE DEVIANCE
• IS THE VIOLATION • REFERS TO THE
OF A SOCIETY’S ACTS THAT ARE
FORMALLY ENACTED SOCIALLY
CRIMINAL LAW.
CONDEMNED, BUT
ARE NOT CRIMES.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF
DEVIANCE
PHYSICAL DEVIANCE
SEXUAL DEVIANCE
DEVIANCE IN CYBERSPACE
ELITE DEVIANCE
POSITIVE DEVIANCE
PHYSICAL DEVIANCE
• Is the most visible form of deviance and it can
evoke stereotypes, stigma, and discrimination.
TWO TYPES OF
PHYSICAL DEVIANCE
VIOLATIONS
OF • What should
AESTHETIC people look like
NORMS
PHYSICAL • Those with
INCAPACITY physical
disability
Sexual DEVIANCE
• May include exotic dancers, strippers,
sex tourism and anonymous sex in
public restrooms, bisexuality, sexual
predators, prostitutes, premarital
chastity, and many others.
DEVIANCE in
cyberspace
• Is a relatively new phenomenon, but it
already has many different forms,
including the online pedophile
subculture, cyberbullying, online
misbehaviour of college students,
“sexting”, and the illegal downloading
of music, movies and readings.
elite DEVIANCE
• Is defined as “criminal and deviant
acts by the large corporations and the
most powerful political organizations”
• D.R. Simon explains that elite
deviance refers to acts by elites or
organizations that result in harm.
elite DEVIANCE
• THREE TYPES OF • THREE TYPES OF
HARM ACTS
-- physical harm -- economic
domination
--financial harm
-- government and
--moral harm governmental control
-- denial of basic
human rights
positive DEVIANCE
• Is defined as “ intentional behaviours
that significantly depart from the
norms of a referent group in
honourable ways”
Human dignity, rights, and the
common good
• Human Dignity- refers to the idea that a
person has the innate right to be valued,
respected, and treated well.
• Human Rights- are legal, social, and ethical
principles that consider the human person as
deserving of liberties and protections by virtue
of his or her human dignity.
