Philadelphia University

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
First Semester, 2011/2012

HYDRAULICS
(670441)
Lecture Title

Pumps
 Definition
• Water pumps are devices designed to convert
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy.
• They are used to move water from lower
points to higher points with a required
discharge and pressure head.
• This chapter will deal with the basic hydraulic
concepts of water pumps
 Pump Classification
• Turbo-hydraulic (kinetic)/ Dynamic
pumps
Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)
Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)
Jet pumps (mixed-flow pumps)
• Positive-displacement pumps
Screw pumps
Reciprocating pumps
Diaphragm pumps
• This classification is based on the
way by which the water leaves the
rotating part of the pump.
• In radial-flow pump the water
leaves the impeller in radial
direction,
• while in the axial-flow pump the
water leaves the propeller in the
axial direction.
• In the mixed-flow pump the water
leaves the impeller in an inclined
direction having both radial and
axial components
Mixed flow blade
• Radial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the
pressure is developed wholly by centrifugal force.
• Mixed Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the
pressure is developed partly by centrifugal force and
partly by the lift of the vanes of the impeller on the
liquid.
• Axial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the pressure
is developed by the propelling or lifting action of the
vanes of the impeller on the liquid.
Schematic diagram of basic
elements of centrifugal
pump
Schematic diagram of axial-flow pump
arranged in vertical operation
 Screw pumps.
• In the screw pump a revolving shaft fitted with
blades rotates in an inclined trough and pushes the
water up the trough.
 Reciprocating pumps.
• In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the
fluid into a cylinder then pushes it up causing
the water to rise.
 Centrifugal Pumps

• Theory
– conservation of angular momentum
– conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy
• Pump components
– rotating element - impeller
– encloses the rotating element and seals the pressurized
liquid inside – casing or housing
 Centrifugal Pumps
• Broad range of applicable flows and heads
• Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the
diameter or the rotational speed of the impeller

Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
 Centrifugal Pump:
• Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most
used pumps for hydraulic purposes. For this reason,
their hydraulics will be studied in the following
sections.
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
1. Impeller:

• which is the rotating part of

the centrifugal pump.
• It consists of a series of
backwards curved vanes
(blades).
• The impeller is driven by a
shaft which is connected to the
shaft of an electric motor.
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
2. Casing

• Which is an air-tight
passage surrounding the
impeller
• designed to direct the
liquid to the impeller
and lead it away
• Volute casing. It is of
spiral type in which the
area of the flow
increases gradually.
3. Suction Pipe.
4. Delivery Pipe.
5. The Shaft: which is the bar by which the
power is transmitted from the motor drive to
the impeller.
6. The driving motor: which is responsible for
rotating the shaft. It can be mounted directly
on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.
Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping
Systems
• Pump can be placed in two possible position in
reference to the water levels in the reservoirs.
• We begin our study by defining all the
different terms used to describe the pump
performance in the piping system.
Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping Systems

Case 1

hfd
H md
H stat

Ht
hd
fs
h
hs

Datum pump
center line
H ms
 hs
Case 2

H stat

H ms H md

hf s hd

Ht

hf d
center line
Datum pump
 The following terms can be defined
• hs (static suction head): it is the difference in
elevation between the suction liquid level and the
centerline of the pump impeller.
• hd (static discharge head): it is the difference in
elevation between the discharge liquid level and
the centerline of the pump impeller.
• Hstat (static head): it is the difference (or sum) in
elevation between the static discharge and the
static suction heads: H stat  hd  hs
• Hms (manometric suction head): it is the suction
gage reading (if a manometer is installed just at the
inlet of the pump, then Hms is the height to which
the water will rise in the manometer).
• Hmd (manometric discharge head): it is the
discharge gage reading (if a manometer is installed
just at the outlet of the pump, then Hmd is the
height to which the water will rise in the
manometer).
• Hm (manometric head): it is the increase of
pressure head generated by the pump:
H m  H md  H m s
• Ht (total dynamic head): it is the total head
delivered by the pump:
2 2
Vd Vs
Ht  Hm d   ( Hm s  ) Case 1 Eq.(1)
2g 2g

Vd2 Vs2
Ht  Hm d   ( Hm s  ) Case 2 Eq.(2)
2g 2g
Heads of Pump:
where :
Vs = Velocity of fluid in the suction
pipe.
Vd = Velocity of fluid in the
delivery pipe.
hs = Suction head.
hd = Delivery head.
hfs = head losses in the suction
pipe.
hfd = head losses in the delivery
Static head (Hst)
pipe.

Hst = hs + hd

10
• Bernoulli’s equation can also be applied to find Ht

Pd Vd2  Ps V s2 
Ht    Z d    Z s  Eq.(4)
 2g   2g 
Cavitation of Pumps and
NPSH
• In general, cavitation occurs when the
liquid pressure at a given location is
reduced to the vapor pressure of the
liquid.
• For a piping system that includes a pump,
cavitation occurs when the absolute
pressure at the inlet falls below the vapor
pressure of the water.
• This phenomenon may occur at the inlet
to a pump and on the impeller blades,
particularly if the pump is mounted above
• Under this condition, vapor bubbles form (water starts
to boil) at the impeller inlet and when these bubbles are
carried into a zone of higher pressure, they collapse
abruptly and hit the vanes of the impeller (near the tips
of the impeller vanes). causing:

• Damage to the pump (pump impeller)

• Violet vibrations (and noise).
• Reduce pump capacity.
• Reduce pump efficiency
How we avoid Cavitation ??

• To avoid cavitation, the pressure head at

the inlet should not fall below a certain
minimum which is influenced by the
further reduction in pressure within the
pump impeller.
s P V
s
2

P  2g
• To accomplish this, we use the difference
vapor


between the total head at the inlet
, and the water vapor pressure head
 Where we take the datum through the
centerline of the pump impeller inlet (eye).
This difference is called the Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH), so that
2 Pvapor
Ps Vs
NPSH   
 2g 
There are two values of NPSH of interest. The first is the
required NPSH, denoted (NPSH)R , that must be
maintained or exceeded so that cavitation will not occur
and usually determined experimentally and provided by
the manufacturer.
The second value for NPSH of concern is the available
NPSH, denoted (NPSH)A , which represents the head
that actually occurs for the particular piping system. This
value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if
How we avoid Cavitation ??

• For proper pump operation (no cavitation) :

(NPSH)A > (NPSH)R

Determination of datum
(NPSH)A hs
applying the energy
equation between point
(1) and (2), datum at
pump center line
pin / ρ + vin2 / 2 + g hin + wshaft = pout / ρ + vout2 / 2
+ g hout + wloss

where
• p = static pressure
• ρ = density
• v = flow velocity
• g = acceleration of gravity
• h = elevation height
• wshaft = net shaft energy per unit mass for a pump,
fan or similar
• wloss = loss due to friction
h0 = hs + hl

where
• h0 = head at surface (m, in)

• hs = head before the impeller (m, in)

• hl = head loss from the surface to impeller
- major and minor loss in the suction
pipe (m, in)
• In an open tank the head at surface can be
expressed as:
h0 = p0 / γ = patm / γ

The head before the impeller can be expressed as:

hs = p s / γ + v s 2 / 2 g + h e
where
• he = elevation from surface to pump - positive if
pump is above the tank, negative if the pump is
below the tank (m, in)
patm / γ = ps / γ + vs2 / 2 g + he + hl

The head available before the impeller can

be expressed as:
ps / γ + vs2 / 2 g = patm / γ - he - hl

or as the available NPSHa:

NPSHa = patm / γ - he - hl - pv / γ
Thoma’s cavitation constant

The cavitation constant: is the ratio of (NPSH)R to

the total dynamic head (Ht) is known as the Thoma’s
cavitation constant ( )

( NPSH ) R

Ht

Note: If the cavitation constant is given, we can find the

maximum allowable elevation of the pump inlet (eye)
above the surface of the supply (suction) reservoir.
 Selection of A Pump
It has been seen that the efficiency of a pump depends on
the discharge, head, and power requirement of the
pump. The approximate ranges of application of each
type of pump are indicated in the following Figure.
 Selection of A Pump
• In selecting a particular pump for a given system:
• The design conditions are specified and a pump is selected
for the range of applications.
• A system characteristic curve (H-Q) is then prepared.
• The H-Q curve is then matched to the pump characteristics
chart which is provided by the manufacturer.
• The matching point (operating point) indicates the actual
working conditions.
 System Characteristic
Curve
For a given pipeline system (including a pump
or a group of pumps), a unique system head-
capacity (H-Q) curve can be plotted. This curve is
usually referred to as a system characteristic
curve or simply system curve.

It is a graphic representation of the system

head and is developed by plotting the total head,
over a range of flow rates starting from zero to
the maximum expected value of Q.
Head losses in pipe refers to the pressure
drop (due to friction) as a fluid flows
through a pipe. Head losses represents
how much pressure will be lost due to the
orientation of the pipe system.
• h = dh + hl

where
• h = system head
• dh = h2 - h1 = elevation (static) head - difference between
inlet and outlet of the system
• hl = head loss

A generic expression of head loss is:

• hl = k q2
where
• q = flow rate
• k = constant describing the total system characteristics - including
all major and minor losses
Increasing the constant - k - by closing some
valves, reducing the pipe size or similar - will
increase the head loss and move the system
curve upwards. The starting point for the curve -
at no flow, will be the same.
H t H stat   hL
System with valve partially closed

12
0
r v e
10 cu
0 s t em
Head (m) 80 sy
60

40
Static head (z2-z1)
20

0
0 0. 0. 0. 0.
2Discharge
4 (m3/s) 6 8

H p ( z 2  z1 )  fn(Q)
System Characteristic
CurveH  H   h
t stat L
 Pump Characteristic
Curves
• Pump manufacturers provide information on the performance
of their pumps in the form of curves, commonly called pump
characteristic curves (or simply pump curves).

• In pump curves the following information may be given:

• the discharge on the x-axis,
• the head on the left y-axis,
• the pump power input on the right y-axis,
• the pump efficiency as a percentage,
• the speed of the pump (rpm = revolutions/min).
• the NPSH of the pump.
• The pump characteristic curves are very important to help
select the required pump for the specified conditions.
• If the system curve is plotted on the pump curves in we may
produce the following Figure:

Matching the system and pump curves.

• The point of intersection is called the operating point.

• This matching point indicates the actual working conditions,
and therefore the proper pump that satisfy all required
performance characteristic is selected.
System Characteristic
CurveH  H   h
t stat L
Selected Pump
Elevated Tank
Selected Pump
System Curve & Pump
Curve cases
Pump Curve
System Curve

Pump Curve
System Curve

Pump Curve

System Curve
 Example 1
A Pump has a cavitation constant = 0.12, this pump
was instructed on well using UPVC pipe of 10m
length and 200mm diameter, there are elbow (ke=1)
and valve (ke=4.5) in the system. the flow is 35m3
and The total Dynamic Head Ht = 25m (from pump
curve) f=0.0167
Calculate the maximum suction head
atm. pressure head 9.69 m
Vapour pressure head 0.2m
 σ 0.12
NPSH R σ H t 0.12 25 3
Patm PVapor
(NPSH)A hS  h f S   hmS  
γair γVapor
Q 0.035
VS   1.11 m/s
A π 0.2 2
4

VS2 1.112 VS2 1.112

he   0.063 hV 4.5 4.5  0.283m
2g 2g 2g 2g

L V2 10 1.112
h fS  f  0.0167   0.053m
D 2g 0.2 2 g
Patm PVapor
(NPSH)A hS  h f S  h
mS  
γair γVapor
3 hS  0.053  0.283  0.063 9.69  0.2
hS  6.088m
 Example 2
For the following pump, determine the required
pipes diameter to pump 60 L/s and also calculate
the needed power.
Minor losses 10 v2/2g
Pipe length 10 km
roughness = 0.15 mm
hs = 20 m
Q 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
L/s
Ht 31 35 38 40.6 42.5 43.7 44.7 45

P 40 53 60 60 57 50 35 -
To get 60 L/s from the pump hs + hL must be < 35 m
Assume the diameter =
300mm
Then:
A 0.070m 2 , V 0.85m / s
Re 2.25 10 5 , K S / D 0.0005, f 0.019
0.019 10000 0.85
2
hf  23.32m
0.3 19.62

10 V 2 10 0.85
2
hm   0.37m
2g 2g

hs  h f  hm 43.69m  35m
 Assume the diameter =
350mm
Then:
A 0.0962m 2 ,V 0.624m / s

Re 1.93 10 5 , K S / D 0.00043, f 0.0185

h f 10.48m,

10 V 2 10 0.624
2
hm   0.2m
2g 2g

 hs  h f  hm 30.68m 35m

QH t 1000 9.811000

60
35
Pi   38869.8W 38.87kW
p 0.53
 Example 3
A pump was designed to satisfy the following
system Q (m3/hr) 3 6 9
hf (m) 12 20 38

heck whether the pump is suitable or not

atm. pressure head 10.3 m

Vapour pressure head 0.25m

Pipe diameter is 50mm

hd 13m
24 V 2
suction Part hL 
2g
- Draw the system curve and check the operation poin

HSTAT h d  h S 13  7 20m

 There are an operation point at:

Q = 9 m3/hr H =58m

NPSHR =4.1
Then Check NPSHA
Q 9 / 3600
V  1.27 m/s
A π
0.05
2

4
24 1.27 
2
hL  2.0m
2g
Patm PVapor
(NPSH) A h S  h f S  h mS  
γ air γ Vapor
(NPSH) A  7  2  10.3  0.25
(NPSH) A 1.05  4.1

ump is not suitable, the cavitation will occur