DISASTER
READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
SEMESTER 2
S.Y. 2024-2025
CLASS SCHEDULE
11-Mapanaliksik
Time Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thurs.
9:50 – 10:40 / / / /
CLASS SCHEDULE
11-Mapaghinuha
Time Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thurs.
8:10-9:00 / / / /
SUBJECT
DESCRIPTION
This course focuses on the
application of scientific knowledge and
the solution of practical problems in a
physical environment. It is designed to
bridge the gap between theoretical
science and daily living.
MIDTERM
1 Disaster and Disaster Risk
2 Hazards, Exposure, and Vulnerability
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Disaster Risk
3 Reduction and Management (DRRM)
4 Fire Hazards
FINALS
1 Earthquake Hazards
2 Volcano Hazards
3 Other Geological Hazards
4 Hydrometeorological
Hazards
5 Laws and Policies on Disaster Risk
Reduction
DRRR AS A CORE
SUBJECT
REQUIREMENTS
1 Written Output
2 Performance Tasks
3 End-of-Term Assessment
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
Lesson 1.1 Concept of Disaster
Lesson 1.2 Disaster Risk
Lesson 1.3 Nature of Disasters
Lesson 1.4 Effects of Disasters
Lesson 1.1
CONCEPT OF
DISASTER
Lesson Objectives:
1.I can explain the meaning of
disaster.
2.I can explain how and when an
event becomes a disaster.
DISASTER
It is a sudden, calamitous event that
seriously disrupts the functioning of a
community or society, causing human,
material, economic, or environmental
losses that exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own
resources.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Super Typhoon Yolanda
November 2013
• During Super Typhoon Haiyan
(locally, Yolanda), the local
government and residents of
Tacloban were prepared for a
typhoon but were caught off-guard
by the sudden flood caused by the
storm surge.
Taal Volcano Eruption
12 January 2020
• The 2020 Taal Volcano eruption was
characterized by explosive activity
and widespread ashfall, which led to
widespread evacuations, damage,
and a high level of concern.
• When communities are situated
in places where they cannot
protect themselves with the
resources they have, they
become vulnerable.
Factors that contribute to the
vulnerability of a community
• Poverty
• Education
• Global issues
HAZARD
It is defined as a potentially-
damaging physical event that may
cause the loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic
disruption, or environmental
degradation.
When does a hazard
become a disaster?
• Disasters can be caused
by:
1. natural hazards
2. humanmade hazards
Geological Hazard
NATURAL HAZARD
Urbanization and Infrastructure
(Poor building construction)
HUMANMADE HAZARD
Hydrological Hazard
NATURAL HAZARD
Environmental Degradation
HUMANMADE HAZARD
Industrial and Hazardous Waste
HUMANMADE HAZARD
Meteorological Hazard
NATURAL HAZARD
Climatological Hazard
NATURAL HAZARD
Agricultural Hazard
HUMANMADE HAZARD
Biological Hazard
NATURAL HAZARD/HUMANMADE
HAZARD
Accidental Hazard
HUMANMADE HAZARD
NATURAL HAZARDS
These arise from natural
processes or phenomena and can
lead to disasters when they
interact with vulnerable
communities or systems.
NATURAL HAZARDS
• Geological
• Hydrological
• Meteorological
• Climatological
• Biological
HUMANMADE
HAZARDS
These stem from human
activities and negligence. Human-
made hazards may occur
independently or amplify natural
hazards, leading to compounded
disasters.
HUMANMADE
HAZARDS
• Environmental Degradation
• Urbanization and Infrastructure
• Industrial and Hazardous Waste
• Accidental
• Agricultural
Lesson 1.2
DISASTER RISK
2015 World Risk
Report
• The report measures risks
using a system which
considers a country’s
vulnerability and exposure
to hazards, called world
risk index (WRI).
𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒅 ∙ 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 ∙𝑽𝒖𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒌=
𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒅 ∙ 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 ∙𝑽𝒖𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒌=
𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
high vulnerability
A flood in a city with poor
high exposure
drainage and many people
high coping capacity
creates high risk.
If the city has strong flood
decreasesthe risk ____________.
management,
Lesson 1.3 - 1.4
NATURE AND
EFFECTS OF
DISASTERS
Lesson Objectives:
1.I can differentiate the risk factors
underlying disasters.
2.I can describe the effects of
disasters on one’s life.
NATURE OF DISASTERS
Not all events turn into disasters;
sometimes there is no need for a
response.
NATURE OF DISASTERS
Natural disasters are related to
natural processes that occur on
Earth with or without warning.
Humanmade disasters often occur
once the precursor sets in.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISASTERS
GEOLOGICAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
1. Earthquake 1. Typhoons
2. Volcanic eruptions 2. Tornadoes
3. Tsunami 3. Drought
4. Landslides 4. Thunderstorms
5. Floods 5. Storm surges
6. Subsidence
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISASTERS
ANTHROPOGENIC BIOLOGICAL
[Link] [Link] infestation
materials [Link]
[Link] rain [Link]
[Link] warming
LEVELS OF RESPONSE
You
Family &
neighbors
Civil Defense
AREA HQs
Local emergency
operation center
National and international
support
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
1. Hazard-Related Factors
2. Vulnerability Factors
3. Exposure Factors
HAZARD-RELATED
FACTORS
These refer to natural or
human-induced events that
have the potential to cause
harm.
VULNERABILITY
FACTORS
It refers to the
susceptibility of
individuals, communities,
or systems to harm.
VULNERABILITY
FACTORS
1. Economic Factors
2. Social Factors
3. Physical Factors
4. Environmental
VULNERABILITY
FACTORS
1. Economic Factors
- the financial capacity of
individuals, communities, or
nations to prepare for, respond
to, and recover from disasters
VULNERABILITY
FACTORS
2. Social Factors
- the influence of societal
structures, policies, and
relationships on disaster
resilience
VULNERABILITY
FACTORS
3. Physical Factors
- the state of infrastructure,
buildings, and spatial
development in relation to
hazards
VULNERABILITY
FACTORS
4. Environmental
Degradation
- the depletion of natural
resources and ecosystems,
increasing disaster risk
Poverty
Economic Factor
Lack of financial
resources
Economic Factor
Poor governance
Social Factor
Lack of disaster
preparedness
Social Factor
Inadequate education
Social Factor
Weak health systems
Social Factor
Poorly built
infrastructure
Physical Factor
Weak transportation
networks
Physical Factor
Lack of resilient
housing
Physical Factor
Deforestation
Environmental
Degradation
Overpopulation in
high-risk areas
Environmental
Degradation
Loss of wetlands
Environmental
Degradation
Weak economic
infrastructure
Economic Factor
EXPOSURE FACTORS
It refers to the presence
of people, infrastructure,
or economic assets in
hazard-prone areas.
EXPOSURE FACTORS
• Population growth in
hazardous areas
• Urbanization without planning
(poorly constructed buildings
in cities)
EXPOSURE FACTORS
• Critical Infrastructure at
Risk Hospitals, power plants,
and communication systems
located in disaster-prone
zones
EFFECTS OF
DISASTERS
1. Primary effects
2. Secondary effects
3. Tertiary effects
EFFECTS OF
DISASTERS
1. Primary effects
- coming directly from the
incident itself
EFFECTS OF
DISASTERS
2. Secondary effects
- stem from the primary
effects
EFFECTS OF
DISASTERS
3. Tertiary effects
- the long-term effects of a
hazard
Buildings collapse,
causing injuries and
deaths
Primary Effect
Migration due to destroyed
communities and job losses
Tertiary Effect
Immediate drowning
and water damage to
homes
Primary Effect
Widespread power outages lead to
food shortages and economic losses
Secondary Effect
Soil erosion reduces
agricultural productivity for
years
Tertiary Effect
Water contamination leads
to outbreaks of cholera and
typhoid
Secondary Effect
Strong winds destroy roofs,
trees, and power lines
Primary Effect
Air pollution causes
respiratory illnesses
Secondary Effect
Coastal areas are
submerged, killing people
instantly
Primary Effect
Loss of biodiversity and
habitat destruction
Tertiary Effect
"Disasters may
destroy our
homes,
Answer the following questions.
1. What is a disaster?
2. When does an event become a disaster?
3. How will you interpret the Risk Equation?
4. What are the risk factors underlying disasters? Explain
each factor.
5. How will you differentiate the four vulnerability factors
from one another?
6. How does a disaster affect us? Choose one disaster and
provide specific examples of its primary, secondary, and
tertiary effects.
7. With all the advances in technology, why can we still
not prevent disasters from happening?
