• ac Voltage

Controllers

On-Off Phase Three

controller controller Phase
s s bidirectiona
l controllers
Single Single
Phase Phase Three
unidirection bidirectiona Phase
al l controllers unidirection
controllers
al
controllers
• ac Voltage On-Off Controller
Controllers
VS
G1

Vm
+
+

R t
G2 Vo
VS
VG1



t
VG2
Usually two
types:
On-Off t
Control
Phase Control n m
Vo

t
• ac Voltage On-Off Controller : Output voltage
Controllers
G1
n m
Students are asked to do
Vo

the integration in detail and

+

R
G2
VS
 obtain the result as shown. t

2
n 1
 Vm sin td t 
2 2
Vr m s 
m  n 2π 0

n
Vr m s VS
mn
• ac Voltage On-Off Controller : Numerical
Example
Controllers
G1 The On-Off controller is operated from an ac source of
120 volt at 60Hz and supplies a load of 10 . The
thyristors are switched ON for n=25 cycles and switched
+
OFF for m=75 cycles. Find the (i) output voltage (ii)
R
VS G2 Input power factor.


n 25
Input Power
Vr m s VS 120
Factor 60volt
mn Po 100360
 0.5
Vrms 60 VA 720
Ir m s   6Amp.
R 10
Input Power rating Load Power = Irms2 R
= VS IS = = 62X10 =360Watt
120X6=720VA
• ac Voltage On-Off Controller : Average
Students have
Controllers to do the
Thyristor current
Each thyristor operates for half
G1
integration in detail and
cycle and remains OFF for the next
half cycle
+ obtain the result as shown.
I
T1
n m
R
G2
VS


t
IT2


n 1
IA   I m sintd t  t

m  n 2π 0
n Im
IA  
mn π
• ac Voltage On-Off Controller : r m s Thyristor
ControllersStudents must do the
current
Each thyristor operates for half
G1
integration in detail and
cycle and remains OFF for the next
half cycle
+ obtain the result as shown.
IT1
n m
R
G2
VS


t
IT2


n 1
 I m sin td t 
2 2
Ir m s  t

m  n 2π 0
n Im
I rms  
mn 2
• ac Voltage On-Off Controller : Numerical
Controllers This is the current
Example
The On-Off controller is operated from an ac source of
rating
120 volt atof
60Hzthe Thyristors
G1
and supplies a load of 10 . The
thyristors are switched ON for n=25 cycles and switched
+

G2
R
for
OFF this
for m=75 particular case.
cycles. Find the Average
currents of each thyristor.
and rms
VS

Vm 2VS 2 120


Im    16.97Amp.
R R 10
n Im 25 16.97
IA     1.33Amp
m  n π 75  25 π
n Im 25 16.97
Ir m s     4.24Amp
mn 2 75  25 2
• ac Voltage
Controllers
G1
On-Off Controller : Comments

R
On-Off controllers are suitable for
G2
VS

the loads having large inertia.

The duty cycle should be less than the

mechanical or thermal time constant of the
load.
 Students
Students doPhase
must mustthedo Controller
integration : Operation
in detailin
the integration
and Find the results of their own
detail and obtain the results

Students must
1. Single phase unidirectional
G1

controller VS

solve the
+

 2
1  
R

 V sin td t  V sin td t 

VS V2m 2
2 2
 V r ms m m
2π 
Here only one thyristor is numerical
used to control the positive
VG
  t


sin2 
V example 2 -   given
half cycle whereas a diode 1 
is used for the negativeV  2 
rms S
half cycle which is free to 2π  
t

1  in the book
 2
conduct. 
  V sintd t  V sintd t 
VO

Vdc m m
2π   
t

VS
Vdc  Cosα  1
2π
 G1
2. Single phase bidirectional
controller
+
The output ac voltage is
R
VS G2
given by 2

1  
 Vm sin td t  Vm sin td t 
2 2 2 2
Vr m s 
VS
2π     
Vm

1 sin2 
t
Vr m s VS   - 
VG
π 2 
G1 G2

Students must do the

 
t

VO

integration in detail and Find

t

the results of their own

 • ac to ac converter ( Voltage
Controllers) VS

Vm The output is a discontinuous

G
ac.
t

+ VG
The output ac (rms) voltage is
Vs given by
1 sin2α 
 R  
t
VO VS π α 
 V + π 2 
o
VO

t

1 π sin2  30 
VO 12  π   11 .83V
Numerical Example π  6 we use 2a 220/12-0-12
: Suppose  volt transformer.
What will be the output voltage, if firing angle is 300?

Usually the transformer is rated by rms voltage. Therefore V s = 12

volt (rms)
Numerical Example : Suppose we use a 220/12-0-12 volt
transformer.
What will be the firing angle, if output voltage is 10V?

1 sin2 
Vo 10 12  π   
π 2 

Vo
10V

? 
• ac to ac converter with RL
Load V s
   

G1

 Vm sin td t  0d t  Vm sin td t 
2 2 V m 2 2

+ 1 0 0  
2 t
Vr m s     
VS G2
2π RL V 2
  0d t  Vm 2sin 2td t 
G




     
 
 t 
 t

Vo

StudentsV must do the

m

integration
0 in detail
β
 and Find 2
t
the results of their own
β
• ac to ac converter with RL
Load
1 sin 2 sin 2  
Vr m s VS
Half cycle
      
π  2 2 
Half cycle
VL

Vm
vL 0,  t 
0  2
t
Vm sin t ,  t   
β

β



  2  
1  
 Vm sin td t  Vm sin td t 
2 2 2 2
Vr m s 
2π     
 
2  
 2VS sin td t 
2 2
Vr m s 
2π   
• ac to ac converter with RL
Load G1
V s

Vm
+ IL
 2 t
VS G2 RL 0
 VG

 t
 t
di
L  Ri  2VS sin ωt IL
dt
Vo
t

Vm

0  2
β t
β
 G1
• ac to ac converter with RL
Load
+ IL di
L  Ri  2VS sin ωt
VS

G2 RL
dt
 R
2VS  t
i sin (t  θ)  Ae  L 

i 0, at t  Z
 L 
1
2VS
 R   
    tan  
A  sin (  θ)e  L   
 R 
Z
  R   
2VS     (t )  
  
i  sin ( t  θ)  sin (   θ)e  L

Z  
 3 Phase Unidirectional voltage
controller
Resistive
load
 VS
2
1  
V m sin td t 
2
 V
2
Vr m s 
2π   m


t
VG

1  sin2 
Vr m s VS  2 -  
2π 
VG
 2  t

VG 
t


t

VO

t
 3 Phase Bidirectional voltage
controller
Resistive
load
 VS

Vm

t
VG

 
t

VO

t