C8 Periodic Table
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Group I
Group VII
Group VIII / 0
● A method of classifying elements
● an arrangement of elements in periods and groups and in order of increasing proton
number / atomic number.
● used to predict properties of elements.
● Columns (groups) and rows (periods) indicate elements that share similar characteristics.
● Exhibits apparent trends in element properties.
● Provides important information used to balance chemical equations
Position of the Elements in the Periodic Table
● Can be defined in two ways: group and period.
● Period is the horizontal row of the periodic table
● Group is the vertical column of the periodic table.
NOTEBOOK
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
& POSITION OF ELEMENTS
IN PERIODIC TABLE
number of valence electron = group of element
number of shell filled with electron= period of element
Exercise
1) Sodium (p: 11)
2) Boron (p: 5)
3) Calcium (p: 20)
4) An element is in period 5 and in group 5. Deduce the number of shell filled with
electrons and its valence electrons
Electronic configuration & chemical properties of elements in the same group
Li: 2,1
Na: 2,8,1
K: 2, 8, 8, 1
Same no valence electrons = Same group = Same chemical properties
PERIODS
Moving across a period, each successive atom of the elements gains one proton
and one electron (in the same outer shell/ orbit)
Metallic properties
● Elements in period 3
Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar
● Trends: Changes in properties
● metallic properties of elements in the periodic table:Decreases
● The reactivity of elements across period
- Reactivity decreases from Na to Si; and increase from P to Cl
Reactivity decreases
Reactivity increases
Transition metals
Students able to:
- describe the transition elements as a collection of metals:
● having high densities
● high melting points
● forming coloured compounds, and which, as elements and compounds,
● often act as catalysts
- describe transition elements as having ions with variable oxidation numbers,
including iron(II) and iron(III)
NOTEBOOK
Transition elements
Possessed true metallic features
with some special properties
NOTEBOOK
NOTEBOOK
Special Properties of Transition Elements
Can act as catalyst
• Nickel is used to speed up the hydrogenation process that helps in the
production of margarine.
Exhibit variable oxidation number
• Iron can form Fe2+ and Fe3+
Form colored compound
• CuSO4 is blue in colour and Fe(NO3)2 is green in colour
Can form complex ions
NOTEBOOK
Usage of Some Transition Elements
Iron
• Forms steel that used to make building structure and automobiles.
• Used to make swords, nails, horseshoes and utility hole covers.
Copper
• Forms wires in electrical circuits and lightning conductors
• Component of hot water cylinder and pan
Zinc
• Helps to prevent rusting by galvanising
• Production of some cells that help to generate electricity
Silver
• Manufacture of mirror, jewellery, coins and ornaments.
Mercury
• Used in thermometer
• Dental filling (amalgam)
NOTEBOOK
GROUP PROPERTIES
7
● Physical properties
● Chemical properties
● Uses
NOTEBOOK
Group VIII (Group 0)
★ Also known as noble gas
★ Consists of helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and radon (Rn)
★ Chemically unreactive (inert)
★ Exist in mono-atomic gases because they have stable electron arrangement
★ Low melting point and boiling points
★ Atomic size increases down the group
NOTEBOOK
Physical Properties of Group VIII Elements
NOTEBOOK
Uses of Group VIII Elements
Helium
• Used to fill weather balloons and airships.
Neon
• Used in advertising light and television tubes
Argon
• Fill electric light bulbs
Radon
• Used in the treatment of cancer
GROUPS PROPERTIES
Students able to:
● Describe the Group I alkali metals, lithium, sodium and potassium, as
relatively soft metals with general trends down the group, limited to:
(a) decreasing melting point
(b) increasing density
(c) increasing reactivity
● Predict the properties of other elements in Group I, given information about
the elements.
NOTEBOOK
Group I
● Also known as alkali metals
● Consists of six elements: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs)
and francium (Fr).
● Have one valence electron
● Soft metal can be cut with knife
● Good conductor of heat and electricity
● Low melting point compared with other metals
● Quite low density compared with other metals
Melting point, boiling point & density
NOTEBOOK
Properties of Group I Elements (TRENDS)
When going down the group,
• Atomic size increases
• Melting point and boiling decreases
• Density increases
• Reactivity towards oxygen and water increases
Reactivity NOTEBOOK
• Very reactive and must be kept in paraffin oil.
• Avoid handling with bare hands and must wear gloves.
Reactivity:
tendency to lose the electrons to form a compound
Reaction with water
• React vigorously in water produce metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas
Eg: 2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2
Observation: fizzing , flames
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Reaction with oxygen
• React vigorously in oxygen produce metal oxide
Eg: 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
GROUPS PROPERTIES
Students able to:
● Describe the Group VII halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine, as diatomic non-
metals with general trends down the group
(a) increasing density
(b) decreasing reactivity
● State the appearance of the halogens
● Describe and explain the displacement reaction of halogens with other halide ions
● Predict the properties of other elements in Group VII, given information about the
elements
Group VII
➢ Also known as halogen
➢ Consists of five elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I) and astatine (At).
➢ Exists as diatomic molecule
➢ Have seven valence electrons
➢ Reactivity decreases when going down the group
➢ Poisonous non metal
NOTEBOOK
Physical Properties of Group VII Elements
When going down the group,
• Atomic size increases
• Melting point and boiling increases
• The physical state change from gas to solid
• Colour intensity increases
NOTEBOOK
Reaction of chlorine, bromine and iodine with other halide ions
More reactive halogen will displace the less reactive
metal halides
Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2
Br2 + 2KI → 2KBr + I2
