Lesson 1.
Functions, Function
Notations, and Equations
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be
able to represent real-life situations using
functions, including piece-wise functions
(M11GM-Ia-1).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be
able to do the following:
● Correctly define a function.
● Properly represent a function using function
notation.
● Properly model real-life problems using
equations.
Are you familiar with taxes? You
might wonder how the Value
Added Tax (VAT) affects your
electric and water bills
someday. You might also worry
that this value varies every
month.
You have to keep in mind that
the tax charged to consumers,
like your household, is a
function of the amount of
consumption in a particular
month.
In this lesson, you will learn
about functions and how it is
applied in real life situations.
Essential Questions
● What is a function?
● How will you represent functions?
● How will you determine whether a given equation is a
function?
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Function
•
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Independent and Dependent Variables
The value that a function takes in is called the input or
the independent variable while the corresponding
value that it produces is the output or the dependent
variable.
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Independent and Dependent Variables
Example:
Assume that you are in a grocery store. Each grocery
item has its own corresponding price.
This is an example of a function wherein the
independent variable is the grocery item while the
dependent variable is its price.
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Piecewise Function
It is a function composed of two or more expressions for
the different parts of the domain.
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Piecewise Function
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Example 1: Consider an electric fan as a function
machine. What you do you think is the input,
the function, and the output?
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 1: Consider an electric fan as a function
machine. What you do you think is the input,
the function, and the output?
Answer:
Pressing any button on the electric fan (assuming it is
plugged into a power source) will cause the fan blade to
spin.
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 1: Consider an electric fan as a function
machine. What you do you think is the input,
the function, and the output?
Answer:
Hence, the buttons are the input, the spinning of the
fan blade is the function, and the wind it gives off is the
output.
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Example 2: Consider the table of values below.
Determine the input, the function, and the
output.
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 2: Consider the table of values below.
Determine the input, the function, and the
output.
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 2: Consider the table of values below.
Determine the input, the function, and the
output.
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 2: Consider the table of values below.
Determine the input, the function, and the
output.
Solution:
By observing the pattern, note that each input is
doubled after “going through” the function.
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 2: Consider the table of values below.
Determine the input, the function, and the
output.
Try It!
Individual Practice:
1. Consider a water dispenser as a function machine.
What is the input, the function, and the output?
Try It!
Individual Practice:
2. Consider the table of values below. Determine the
input, the function, and the output.
Try It!
Group Practice: To be done by two to five groups
In a university, grades in a Mathematics subject are
converted in a 0.0 to 4.0 scale, with 4.0 being the
highest and 0.0 being the lowest. The conversion is
describing the conversion. Use 𝐸(𝑥) to represent the
given in the table on the next slide. Write a function
equivalent grade as a function of the raw grade 𝑥.
Try It!
Group Practice: To be done by two to five groups
Equivalent
Raw Grade
Grade
Key Points
● A function is a special kind of relation in which no
two distinct ordered pairs have the same first
element.
● The value that a function takes in is called the input
or the independent variable while the corresponding
value that it produces is the output or the
dependent variable.
Key Points
● A piecewise function is a function composed of two
or more expressions for the different parts of the
domain.
Lesson 1.2
Functions vs Relations
Learning Competency
This lesson serves as an enrichment for the
following K-12 or MELC competency:
• Represent real-life situations using functions,
including piece-wise functions (M11GM-Ia-1).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be
able to do the following:
∙ Clearly define relations and functions.
∙ Correctly differentiate a function from a relation.
∙ Accurately determine whether a given scenario
is a function or not.
Relationships can be observed
in our day to day lives.
For instance, your exam scores
depend on the amount of work
you put in studying. Another
possible relationship is that
your allowance may also
depend on your academic
performance.
Some of these relationships can be expressed using
mathematical functions.
In this lesson, you will learn more about relations and how
functions and relations are related.
Essential Questions
∙ What is a relation?
∙ How will you distinguish a function from a relation?
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Relation
It is a set of objects, such as numbers, grouped together
which may or may not represent a pattern; simply a set
of ordered pairs that are arranged in an orderly manner
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Relation
•
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One-to-One Correspondence
•
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One-to-One Correspondence
Example:
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Many-to-One Correspondence
•
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Many-to-One Correspondence
Example:
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One-to-Many Correspondence
•
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One-to-Many Correspondence
Example:
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Many-to-Many Correspondence
•
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Many-to-Many Correspondence
Example:
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Functions
It is a special kind of relation in which no two distinct
ordered pairs have the same first element.
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Functions
•
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Vertical Line Test
It can be used to determine if a graph represents a
function.
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Vertical Line Test
Example:
The given graph on the
right passes the vertical
line test since drawing an
imaginary vertical line
anywhere on the graph
would touch exactly one
point.
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution:
No first element was repeated.
Hence, the set of ordered pairs represents a function.
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Example 2: Write all the ordered pairs
in the figure and determine its
type of relation.
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 2: Write all the ordered pairs
in the figure and determine its
type of relation.
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 2: Write all the ordered pairs
in the figure and determine its
type of relation.
Try It!
Individual Practice:
1. Determine whether the following table of values
satisfies the definition of a function.
Try It!
Individual Practice:
2. Tell whether the graph
represents a function or not.
Try It!
Group Practice: To be done by two to five groups
Key Points
Key Points
Key Points
Lesson 1.3
Evaluating and Graphing
Functions
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be
able to evaluate a function (M11GM-Ia-2).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be
able to do the following:
value of 𝑥.
● Correctly find the value of a function at a given
● Accurately construct a table of values for a
function.
● Accurately plot points in a coordinate plane to
Building strong and solid
infrastructures needs accurate
calculations on the
measurement of its every
aspect. Buildings, such as the
image shown on the left,
exhibit lines and curves that
can be derived using the
concept of functions.
Knowledge in evaluating and graphing functions is essential for
engineers and architects because this helps them ensure the
stability of the infrastructures they are building.
In this lesson, we will learn about how to evaluate and graph
functions.
Essential Questions
● How can you determine the values represented by a
function?
● How can you evaluate a function at specified values of
the variable?
● How can you describe and represent a function using
a graph?
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Table of Values
A graphic organizer or chart that helps determine two
or more points that can be used in creating graphs.
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Table of Values
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution:
3. Plot the ordered pairs in the
Cartesian plane.
Try It!
Try It!
Group Practice: To be done by 2-5 groups
Fidel, a working student, earns ₱640 daily for an
eight-hour service as a waiter in a fast-food
restaurant. On top of his daily salary, he also
receives ₱35 for every additional hour of work. If
Fidel works for 11 hours in one day, how much does
he earn?
Key Points
● A table of values is a graphic organizer or chart
that helps determine two or more points that can be
used in creating graphs.
Lesson 1.4
Domain and Range of
Functions
Learning Competency
This lesson serves as an enrichment for the
following K-12 or MELC competency:
• Evaluates a function (M11GM-Ia-2).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be
able to do the following:
∙ Identify a function as being a linear, quadratic,
polynomial, rational, or radical.
∙ Find the domain and range of different types of
function.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be
able to do the following:
∙ Find the domain and range of a function
represented by its graph.
One mode of
transportation to visit
various places in the world
is through an aircraft.
Because of the sky’s
vastness, it is challenging
to identify the location and
other aspects of the plane
once it has flown.
However, it is possible to determine the plane’s
location through the use of functions. By using
distance as a function of time travelled, it has become
easier to determine the location of a plane. We can
also determine the possible values of distance and
time by analyzing the domain and range of a function.
In this lesson, we will take a closer look on the domain
and range of a function.
Essential Questions
∙ When do we say that a function is linear, quadratic,
polynomial, rational, or radical?
∙ How can you find the domain and range of a function?
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Domain of a Function
•
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Domain of a Function
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Range of a Function
•
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Range of a Function
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Linear Function
•
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Linear Function
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Quadratic function
•
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Quadratic function
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Polynomial function
A function involving nonnegative integer powers of the
independent variable. The domain of a polynomial
function is the set of real numbers; while, the range of a
polynomial function whose degree is odd is the set of real
numbers.
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Polynomial function
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Rational function
A function that can be expressed as a ratio of two
polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set
of real numbers except the zeros of its denominator.
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Rational function
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Radical function
A function that contains radical expressions. The domain
of a radical function is the set of real numbers except
those that make the radicand of radicals with even index
negative.
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Radical function
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Try
Let’s
it!Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution:
For a square root function to be defined, the radicand
must be nonnegative (i.e. greater than or equal to
zero).
Solution to Let’s Practice
Solution to Let’s Practice
Try It!
Try It!
Group Practice: To be done by two to five groups
Key Points
Key Points
Key Points
● A polynomial function is a function involving
nonnegative integer powers of the independent
variable. The domain of a polynomial function is the
set of real numbers; while, the range of a polynomial
function whose degree is odd is the set of real
numbers.
Key Points
● A rational function is a function that can be
expressed as a ratio of two polynomials. The domain
of a rational function is the set of real numbers
except the zeros of its denominator.
● A radical function is a function that contains radical
expressions. The domain of a radical function is the
set of real numbers except those that make the
radicand of radicals with even index negative.
