Lecture 01: Course Intro
NAME 157
HYDROSTATICS &
STABILITY
Abu Talha Masum Mahdy
Asst Engg (NA)
Chittagong Dry Dock Ltd
BSc in NAME (BUET)
COURSE INFO
At the end of the course, you shall know about…
Stability Rules
& Laws
Intact Stability Damage Stability
Launching Inclining
of Ships Experiment
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
Class Participation : 5%
Mid Term : 15%
CT/Assignment : 20%
Final Examination : 60%
Total : 100%
TODAY’S TOPICS
Class 1. Introduction, course administration, motivation
lecture.
Class 2. Concepts of equilibrium: stable, neutral and unstable
equilibrium, Weight and centre of gravity, Displacement and
centre of buoyancy.
Class 3. Interaction between weight and buoyancy, Righting
moment, Overturning moment, Upsetting forces on a ship,
Submerged equilibrium.
3 EQUILIBRIUM TYPES
What Does Stable Ship
Mean? WHAT IS EQUILIBRIUM?
Ship Weight remains fixed.
Buoyancy force (upward) increases
until it becomes equal to ship’s weight
Equilibrium achieved
When it comes back to upright after
facing a heeling moment.
1. STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
Ships - Stationary and
Upright… Ever possible?
Ship’s natural movements:
Pitch – Roll – Yaw; Sway –
Heave – Surge
Which motion is the most
Weight acts downward through G
concerning for ship intact
Buoyancy acts upward through B stability?
1. STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
Ship’s inclined to an
angle θ
G remains in the
same position
B moves to B1
Buoyancy acts up
through B1
1. STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
Transverse Metacenter (M) and Metacentric Height (GM)
For ≈ 10 deg., vertical
through B1 intersects
the centerline at M
M is called
transverse
metacenter and GM is
called metacentric
height
GZ = f(GM) and GM = f(θ), ∴ GZ = GZ = GM sinθ
1. STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
GM > 0, GM <0, and
GM=0.
M lies above G GM
> 0 Stable Vessel.
WHY?
Small GM = Small GZ = Tender ship (roll easily)
STIFF SHIP VS TENDER (SOFT) SHIP
FACTOR STIFF SHIP SOFT SHIP
GM/GZ Large Small
Rolling Period Short Long
Crew Comfort Poor Better
Structural Stress Higher Lower
2. UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM
M lies below G GM < 0
Unstable vessel. WHY?
Vessel will not return to the upright
3. NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM
Ship inclines G & M
coincide Ship remains
inclined
Making G lower Stable
Rise in G Unstable
WHAT’S CG
Acting point of the whole weight
If an object is suspended from this point, it will remain
balanced and will not tilt
HOW TO FIND CG?
CG from axis Moment of weight about axis
Total weight
Moment of Mass about axis
[Moment =
Distance X a Total mass
physical quantity] Moment of volume about axis
Total volume
Moment of area about axis
Total area
Position of CG of a ship may be found by
taking moments of the individual masses
DISPLACEMENT (∆) & CENTRE OF BUOYANCY (CB)
Mass of Water displaced = Ship Mass Ship is afloat
Known as the displacement of the ship
Buoyancy force acts at CB
CB is the CG of the underwater volume of the ship
End of 2nd Class
INTERACTION BETWEEN WEIGHT & BUOYANCY
Buoyant force >= Ship's weight Object floats
Buoyant force < Ship's weight Object sinks
If the buoyant force equals the object's weight, the
object can remain suspended at its present depth
(submerged equilibrium)
RIGHTING MOMENT
Best measure of a ship's overall stability
Describes the ship's true tendency to resist inclination and
return to equilibrium
Righting Moment = GZ x ∆
OVERTURNING MOMENT
Overturning moment is the maximum
heeling moment the ship could undertake, which also
represents the limits for the ship to withstand
heeling moment in the most dangerous situations.
If the heeling moment reaches or exceeds this criterion,
the ship will overturn.
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Metacentre
When a ship heels, the centre of buoyancy of the
ship moves laterally. It might also move up or
down with respect to the water line. The point at
which a vertical line through the heeled centre of
buoyancy crosses the line through the original,
vertical centre of buoyancy is the metacentre. The
metacentre remains directly above the centre of
buoyancy by definition.
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Metacentric Height (GM)
Distance between Centre (G) of Gravity and the Metachentre (M).
Transverse and longitudinal metacentric heights [GM (T) & GM
(L)]
There is also a similar consideration in the movement of the metacentre forward
and aft as a ship pitches. Metacentres are usually separately calculated for
transverse (side to side) rolling motion and for lengthwise longitudinal pitching
motion. These are known as GM (T) and GM (L).
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Transverse BM [BM (T)]
Height of the transverse metacenter above the center of
buoyancy.
BM = I / ∇
I = the second moment of the waterplane area about the
centerline
∇ = ship’s volume of displacement
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy from midship (LCB)
The centre of volume of fluid displaced by a ship is known as the centre of
buoyancy; its projection in the plan is known as longitudinal centre of buoyancy. It
is given as distance forward or aft of midship and is represented by the longitudinal
centroid of the curve of immersed cross-sectional areas.
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Vertical centre of buoyancy above base line (VCB)
The centre of volume of fluid displaced by a ship is known as the centre of
buoyancy; its projection in the section is known as vertical centre of buoyancy. It is
given as the distance above the keel denoted by KB and is represented by the
vertical centroid of the Water plane area curve.
By Morrishes approximate formula;
VCB below the waterline = 1/3(d/2+∇/AW)
Where, d = draught in m
∇ = volume of displacement in m3
AW = Water plane area in m2
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Water plane area (AW)
Water plane area is the area of the horizontal plane which
passes through a floating ship on a level with the waterline.
The water plane area at any draught is calculated by
simpson’s rule using the half breadths at ordinate stations.
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Longitudinal centre of floatation from midship
(LCF)
Longitudinal centre of floatation is the centroid of the water
plane and is the axis about which a ship changes trim when
a mass is added, removed or moved longitudinally.
TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY
Tonne per centimeter immersion (TPC)
The tonne per centimeter immersion of a ship at any given
draught is the mass required to increase the mean draught
by 1 centimeter.
TPC = (AW*ρ)/100
TPC= AW×ρ100
For seawater ρ = 1.025 ton/m3
∴TPC in sea water = 0.01025×AW
RESOURCES
THANK YOU
