Chapter 2

Elementary Programming

1
 Objectives
 To write Java programs to perform simple calculations (§2.2).
 To obtain input from the console using the Scanner class (§2.3).
 To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes (§2.4).
 To use variables to store data (§§2.5-2.6).
 To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions (§2.6).
 To use constants to store permanent data (§2.7).
 To declare Java primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, and char
(§§2.8.1).
 To use Java operators to write numeric expressions (§§2.8.2–2.8.3).
 To display current time (§2.9).
 To use short hand operators (§2.10).
 To cast value of one type to another type (§2.11).
 To compute loan payment (§2.12).
 To represent characters using the char type (§2.13).
 To compute monetary changes (§2.14).

2
Introducing Programming with an
Example
Computing the Area of a Circle
This program computes the area of the
circle.

3
animation

Trace a Program Execution

allocate memory
public class ComputeArea {
for radius
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area;

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

4
animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area; area no value

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
allocate memory
for area
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

5
animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea { assign 20 to radius
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

6
animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
compute area and assign
// Compute area it to variable area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

7
animation

Trace a Program Execution

public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159; print a message to the
console
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

8
 Reading Input from the Console
1. Import the scanner class
import java.util.Scanner;

2. Create a Scanner object

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

3. Use the methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(),

nextInt(), nextLong(), nextFloat(),
nextDouble(), or nextBoolean() to obtain to
a string, byte, short, int, long, float, double,
or boolean value. For example,
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
9
 Reading Input from the Console
1 import java.util.Scanner;
2
3 public class ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 // Create a Scanner object
6 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
7
8 // Prompt the user to enter a radius
9 System.out.print("Enter a number for radius: ");
10 double radius = input.nextDouble();;
11
12 // Compute area
13 double area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
14
15 // Display result
16 System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius "+
17 radius + " is " + area);
18 }
19 }
10
 Reading Input from the Console
ComputeAverage.java
1 import java.util.Scanner;
2
3 public class ComputeAverage {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 // Create a Scanner object
6 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
7
8 // Prompt the user to enter three numbers
9 System.out.print("Enter three numbers: ");
10 double number1 = input.nextDouble();
11 double number2 = input.nextDouble();
12 double number3 = input.nextDouble();
13
14 // Compute average
15 double average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3;
16
17 // Display result
18 System.out.println("The average of " + number1 + " " +
number2
19 + " " + number3 + " is " + average);
20 } } 11
 Identifiers
 An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
– An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A,
“Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
 An identifier can be of any length.

12
 Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

13
 Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

14
 Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

15
 Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
 int x = 1;
 double d = 1.4;

16
 Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;

17
 Numerical Data Types
Name Range Storage Size

byte –27 (-128) to 27–1 (127) 8-bit signed

short –215 (-32768) to 215–1 (32767) 16-bit signed

int –231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647) 32-bit signed

long –263 to 263–1 64-bit signed

(i.e., -9223372036854775808
to 9223372036854775807)
float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754
-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to
-4.9E-324
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

18
 Numeric Operators

Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

% Remainder 20 % 3 2

19
 Integer Division

+, -, *, /, and %

5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

20
 Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your
friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10
days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following
expression:

Saturday is the 6th day in a week

A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days

21
 Problem: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains hours and minutes from seconds.
import java.util.Scanner;

public class DisplayTime {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Prompt the user for input
System.out.print("Enter an integer for seconds: ");
int seconds = input.nextInt();

int hours = seconds/3600;

int rsec_1 = seconds%3600;

int minutes = rsec_1 / 60; // Find minutes in seconds

int rsec_2 = rsec_1 % 60; // Seconds remaining
System.out.println(seconds + " seconds is " + hours + " hours and " +
minutes +
" minutes and " + rsec_2 + " seconds");
}}

22
 NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy. For example,
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers are
stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers
yield a precise integer result.
23
 Numeric Literals 24

 A literal is a constant value that appears directly in a program.

 For example, 34 and 0.305 are literals in the following statements:

int numberOfYears = 34;

double weight = 0.305;

75//decimal 75 // int
0b or 0B110 // binary 75l // long
0113 // octal
0x4b // hexadecimal

3.14159 // 3.14159 For example,

6.02e23 // 6.02 x 10^23 System.out.println(0B1111); // Displays 15
3.0 // 3.0 System.out.println(07777); // Displays 4095
System.out.println(0XFFFF); // Displays 65535
 Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly
in the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and
5.0 are literals in the following statements:

int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

25
 Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as
long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error
would occur if the literal were too large for the variable to
hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would
cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored
in a variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose
value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1
(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long
type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred because
l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the digit
one).
26
 Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal
point. By default, a floating-point literal is treated
as a double type value. For example, 5.0 is
considered a double value, not a float value. You
can make a number a float by appending the letter f
or F, and make a number a double by appending
the letter d or D. For example, you can use 100.2f
or 100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D
for a double number.

27
 Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2,
same as 1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and
1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e)
represents an exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase.

28
 Arithmetic Expressions
3  4 x 10( y  5)(a  b  c ) 4 9x
  9(  )
5 x x y

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

29
 How to Evaluate an Expression
Though Java has its own way to evaluate an
expression behind the scene, the result of a Java
expression and its corresponding arithmetic expression
are the same. Therefore, you can safely apply the
arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java expression.
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 + 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 + 35 – 1
(5) addition
54 - 1
(6) subtraction
53
30
 Problem: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius ( 95 )( fahrenheit  32)

31
 Problem: Converting Temperatures
1 import java.util.Scanner;
2
3 public class FahrenheitToCelsius {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
6
7 System.out.print("Enter a degree in Fahrenheit: ");
8 double fahrenheit = input.nextDouble();
9
10 // Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
11 double celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit - 32);
12 System.out.println("Fahrenheit " + fahrenheit + " is " +
13 celsius + " in Celsius");
14 }
15 }
32
Shortcut Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+= i += 8 i = i + 8
-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0
*= i *= 8 i = i * 8
/= i /= 8 i = i / 8
%= i %= 8 i = i % 8

33
 Increment and
Decrement Operators
Operator Name Description
++var preincrement The expression (++var) increments var by 1
and evaluates
to the new value in var after the increment.
var++ postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the
original value
in var and increments var by 1.
--var predecrement The expression (--var) decrements var by 1
and evaluates
to the new value in var after the decrement.
var-- postdecrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the
original value
in var and decrements var by 1.

34
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;

35
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

36
 Increment and Decrement Operators
1: class PrePostFixTest {
2:
3: public static void main (String args[]) {
4: int x = 0;
5: int y = 0;
6:
7: System.out.println(“x and y are “ + x + “ and “ + y );
8: x++;
9: System.out.println(“x++ results in “ + x);
10: ++x;
11: System.out.println(“++x results in “ + x);
12: System.out.println(“Resetting x back to 0.”);
13: x = 0;
14: System.out.println(“——————”);
15: y = x++;
16: System.out.println(“y = x++ (postfix) results in:”);
17: System.out.println(“x is “ + x);
18: System.out.println(“y is “ + y);
19: System.out.println(“——————”);
20:
21: y = ++x;
22: System.out.println(“y = ++x (prefix) results in:”);
23: System.out.println(“x is “ + x);
24: System.out.println(“y is “ + y);
25: System.out.println(“——————”); } }
37
 Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;

38
 Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:

byte i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;

39
 Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically
converts the operand based on the following rules:

1. If one of the operands is double, the other is

converted into double.
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.

40
 Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)

Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is
truncated)
What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

range increases

byte, short, int, long, float, double

41
 Problem: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two
digits after the decimal point.

SalesTax

42
 Solution: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
1 import java.util.Scanner;
2
3 public class SalesTax {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
6
7 System.out.print("Enter purchase amount: ");
8 double purchaseAmount = input.nextDouble();
9
10 double tax = purchaseAmount * 0.06;
11 System.out.println("Sales tax is " + (int) (tax * 100) / 100.0) ;
12 }
13 }

43
 Problem:
Computing Loan Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount and
computes monthly payment and total
payment.
loanAmount monthlyInterestRate
monthlyPayment 
1 1
(1  monthlyInterestRate) numberOfYears12

ComputeLoan
44
 Solution: Computing Loan Payments
ComputeLoan.java
1 import java.util.Scanner;
2
3 public class ComputeLoan {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 // Create a Scanner
6 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
7
8 // Enter yearly interest rate
9 System.out.print("Enter yearly interest rate, for example 8.25: ");
10 double annualInterestRate = input.nextDouble();
11
12 // Obtain monthly interest rate
13 double monthlyInterestRate = annualInterestRate / 1200;
14
15 // Enter number of years
16 System.out.print(
17 "Enter number of years as an integer, for example 5: ");
18 int numberOfYears = input.nextInt();
19 45
 Solution: Computing Loan Payments
20 // Enter loan amount
21 System.out.print("Enter loan amount, for example 120000.95: ");
22 double loanAmount = input.nextDouble();
23
24 // Calculate payment
25 double monthlyPayment = loanAmount * monthlyInterestRate / (1
26 - 1 / Math.pow(1 + monthlyInterestRate, numberOfYears * 12));
27 double = monthlyPayment * numberOfYears * 12;
28
29 // Display results
30 System.out.println("The monthly payment is " +
31 (int)(monthlyPayment * 100) / 100.0);
32 System.out.println("The total payment is " +
33 (int)(totalPayment * 100) / 100.0);
34 }
35 }
46
 Character Data Type
Four hexadecimal digits.
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used

on char variables to get the next or preceding Unicode character.
For example, the following statements display character b.
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(++ch);
47
 Unicode Format
Java characters use Unicode, a 16-bit encoding scheme
established by the Unicode Consortium to support the
interchange, processing, and display of written texts in the
world’s diverse languages. Unicode takes two bytes,
preceded by \u, expressed in four hexadecimal numbers
that run from '\u0000' to '\uFFFF'. So, Unicode can
represent 65535 + 1 characters.
Unicode \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 for three Greek
letters

48
Escape Sequences for Special Characters
Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Backspace \b \u0008
Tab \t \u0009
Linefeed \n \u000A
Carriage return \r \u000D
Backslash \\ \u005C
Single Quote \' \u0027
Double Quote \" \u0022

49
 Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

50
 ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

51
 Casting between char and
Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';
i contains the value 97 in memory

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

c contains the value 'a' in memory

52
 Problem: Monetary Units

This program lets the user enter the amount in

decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number
of dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.

ComputeChange
53
1 import java.util.Scanner;
2
3 public class ComputeChange {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 // Create a Scanner
6 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
7
8 // Receive the amount
9 System.out.print(
10 "Enter an amount in double, for example 11.56: ");
11 double amount = input.nextDouble();
12
13 int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100);
14
15 // Find the number of one dollars
16 int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100;
17 remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

54
19 // Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount
20 int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
21 remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;
22
23 // Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount
24 int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
25 remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;
26
27 // Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount
28 int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
29 remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;
30
31 // Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount
32 int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

55
35 System.out.println(
36 "\t" + numberOfOneDollars + " dollars\n" +
37 "\t" + numberOfQuarters + " quarters\n" +
38 "\t" + numberOfDimes + " dimes\n" +
39 "\t" + numberOfNickels + " nickels\n" +
40 "\t" + numberOfPennies + " pennies");
41 }
42 }

56
 Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 1156
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100; initialized

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

57
animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 1156
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount numberOfOneDollars

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; assigned
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

58
animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 56
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25; updated

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

59
animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 56
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfOneQuarters 2
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount numberOfOneQuarters

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10; assigned
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

60
animation
Trace ComputeChange
Suppose amount is 11.56
int remainingAmount = (int)(amount * 100); remainingAmount 6
// Find the number of one dollars
int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100; numberOfOneDollars 11
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount

int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25; numberOfQuarters 2
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10; remainingAmount
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10; updated

// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount

int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount

int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

61
 The String Type
The char type only represents one character. To represent a string
of characters, use the data type called String. For example,

String message = "Welcome to Java";

String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just like the
System class and JOptionPane class. The String type is not a
primitive type. It is known as a reference type. Any Java class can
be used as a reference type for a variable. Reference data types
will be thoroughly discussed in Chapter 7, “Objects and Classes.”
For the time being, you just need to know how to declare a String
variable, how to assign a string to the variable, and how to
concatenate strings.

62
 String Concatenation
// Three strings are concatenated
String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";

// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2

String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2

// String Supplement is concatenated with character B

String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes SupplementB

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