LIGHT VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

Tools and Equipment

What tools and equipment do mechanics use?
• Must-Have Mechanic Tools
1. Hammer. The basic tool that makes you a certified do-it-yourselfer is a
hammer. ...
2. Screwdrivers. A good set of screwdrivers is mandatory to any basic tool kit. ...
3. Pry Bar. ...
4. Wrenches. ...
5. Pliers. ...
6. Ratchet and Socket Sets. ...
7. Allen Wrenches. ...
8. Heavy Duty Scissors.
9. Utility Knife
10. Flashlight
11. Oil Filter Wrench
12. Oil Drain Pan
13. Spark Plug Gapper
14. Feeler Gauges
15. Jack and Jack Stands
16. Wheel Wrench
17. Volt-Ohm Electrical Meter
18. Toolbox
19. Other Necessities
• While these are not specifically tools, these items are very useful and handy to keep around:
Electrical Tape
Brake Cleaner Spray
Penetrating Oil
Good Pumice Hand Cleaner
 What is considered vehicle maintenance?

• What does regular car maintenance include? On a regular basis, you

should bring your car in for a car tune up as well as replace
consumable items such as motor oil, radiator coolant, brake fluid,
power steering fluid, wiper blades and brake pads.
Servicing of Lubricating system

What is lubricating system service?

• The job of the lubrication system is to distribute oil to the moving
parts to reduce friction between surfaces which rub against each
other.

• What are the components of a lubrication system?

1. Oil pan
2. pickup tube
3. oil pump
4. pressure relief valve
5. oil filter
6. spurt holes and galleries
 To ensure your lubricating system functions
properly, avoid these four common mistakes:

1. Over-lubrication. The pressure rises in the seals, which makes them

deteriorate and break...
2. Under-lubrication. A lack of lubricant is likely one of the easiest
problems to spot. ...
3. Using the wrong lubricant. ...
4. Mixing lubricants. ...
5. Lubricant contamination.
What are synthetic lubricants made of?
• Synthetic oil is a man-made lubricant that consists of artificially made
chemical compounds. Synthetic oils are typically created from
chemically modified materials such as petroleum components, but
the base material is almost always distilled crude oil.
 Is SAE 40 the same as 15W40?
• 15W40 means that at cold temperatures the oil has the same
viscosity as SAE 15W oil. At high temperatures it has the same
viscosity as SAE 40 oil. ... This means that they are "winter" viscosity,
for use at lower temperatures. The viscosity of a liquid is its resistance
to flow.
• SAE means Society of Automotive Engineers
What is API Service SL oil?
• SL. 2001 Gasoline Engine Service. Category SL was adopted to
describe engine oils for use in 2001. It is for use in service typical
of gasoline engines in present and earlier passenger cars, sports
utility vehicles, vans and light trucks operating under vehicle
manufacturers recommended maintenance procedures.
• API means American Petroleum Institute
Lubricant for diesel engine
Is 15w40 good for diesel engines?
• ADVANTAGE 15W-40 HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINE OIL can
be used with complete success in over-the-road diesel
trucks, off-highway diesel equipment, farm tractors, and
passenger cars and light trucks with diesel, turbo-charged
diesel engines, or gasoline engines and is backward
compatible with previous API Oil Categories.

• Current. API Service Category CK-4 describes oils for use in

high-speed four-stroke cycle diesel engines designed to
meet 2017 model year on-highway and Tier 4 non-road
exhaust emission standards as well as for previous model
year diesel engines.
When is the best time to change engine oil?
• Depending on vehicle age, type of oil and driving conditions, oil
change intervals will vary. It used to be normal to change the oil every
3,000 kms, but with modern lubricants most engines today have
recommended oil change intervals of 5,000 to 7,500 kms.
Oil pressure indicator/gauge
• Auto manufacturers use an oil pressure warning light on the
dashboard to warn the driver if the oil pressure gets too low. Some
vehicles are able to distinguish between low oil levels and insufficient
oil pressure so you'll know if the pump is malfunctioning or if you just
need to add some more oil.
 What is the use of dipstick gauge?
• Dipsticks are used for quick and easy level measurement for liquids in hard to
reach places, consisting of metal strip which has marking on it to indicate oil
level.
• Before operation is the best time to check oil level.
Cooling system of an engine
How does a cooling system work in a car?
• A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages
in the engine block and heads. As the coolant flows through these
passages, it picks up heat from the engine. ... Once the fluid is cooled,
it returns to the engine to absorb more heat.
 What are 10 common causes of overheating?

Common reasons for overheating engines

1. Too little or no coolant. Driving without proper levels of
coolant/antifreeze may cause a coolant system failure. ...
2. Cooling system leaks. ...
3. Radiator issues. ...
4. Oil too low. ...
5. Thermostat failure. ...
6. Issues with the belts and hoses. ...
7. A Faulty Water Pump…..
8. Bad Radiator Fan
9. Loose Coolant Hose Clamp
 What damage does Overheating an engine cause?

• Severe Engine Damage from Engine Overheating: Cracked Engine

Block. Just like the cylinder head can warp from excess heat, so can
the engine block. As superheated areas of the engine block expand
and contract, it can form cracks leading to significant oil leaks, loss of
performance and further overheating.
 What to do if Your Car is Overheating then
Going Back to Normal
• Perform a Vehicle Diagnostic to find the Main Cause
• Replace the failing thermostat
• Check for leaking coolant
• Replace the Radiator
• Replace water pump
• Replace belts
fuel system of an engine (Carb type)
• The fuel system is made up of the fuel tank, pump, filter, and injectors
or carburetor, and is responsible for delivering fuel to the engine as
needed. Each component must perform flawlessly to achieve
expected vehicle performance and reliability.
What is Electronic Fuel Injection System (EFI)
• A system which aims at optimizing fuel/air ratio entering a vehicles
engine is referred as Electronic Fuel Injection System. EFI System has
almost completely replaced usage of carburetors.
 What are some common fuel system problems?
Here are three of the top fuel delivery issues your car could suffer
from:
1. Clogged Fuel Filter. One of the simplest fuel issues to repair is a clogged fuel
filter. ...
2. Dirty of Malfunctioning Fuel Injectors. The fuel injectors are what spray the
proper amount of gas into the combustion chamber. ...
3. Failed Fuel Pump.
 Diesel fuel system of an engine
• The function of the diesel fuel system is to inject a precise amount of
atomized and pressurized fuel into each engine cylinder at the proper
time. Combustion in a diesel engine occurs when this rush of fuel is
mixed with hot compressed air. (No electrical spark is used in a
gasoline engine.)
EFI diesel fuel system of an engine

• The fuel injection system lies at the very heart of the diesel engine. By
pressurizing and injecting the fuel, the system forces it into air that
has been compressed to high pressure in the combustion chamber.
The diesel fuel injection system consists of: ... injection nozzle - injects
the fuel into the cylinder.
Common troubles of EFI for diesel engine

4 Common Diesel Fuel Injection Pump Problems

1. Problem #1 – Dirty Fuel

2. Problem #2 –Low Fuel Tank Level
3. Problem #3 – Foreign Object Inside Injector
4. Problem #4 – Bad Injector Timing

Maintenance Reminder:
Here’s the good news about fuel injector pump problems: avoiding disaster is
simple. In fact, if you do these three things, you’ll enjoy great performance and
minimal repair costs
• Purchase clean, reliable fuel
• Change your fuel filter every 40,000 kms.
What is the electrical system of a vehicle?

Electrical system consists of the battery, starter and alternator. The

battery provides juice to the starter. Then, the alternator gives that
battery the energy it needs to power your car. If one of these parts is
not working properly, your car won't start or run correctly.
 Lighting system of a motor vehicle

• The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and

signaling devices mounted or integrated at the front, rear, sides, and
in some cases the top of a motor vehicle. ... Emergency vehicles
usually have distinctive lighting equipment to warn drivers and
indicate priority of movement in traffic.
How do you diagnose electrical
problems in a car?
Common Symptoms of Automotive Electrical Issues
1. Engine Doesn't Start Correctly. The car's engine requires electrical
power to start. ...
2. Battery Problems. A discharged or dead battery is an obvious
electrical problem. ...
3. Headlights and Other Lights Malfunctioning. ...
4. Blown Fuses. ...
5. Burning Plastic Smell. ...
6. Safety First.
 Checking for Electrical System Problems

• Many things can indicate you have an electrical problem with your
car. Some of the following signs could be caused by other factors, but
if you find multiple symptoms it’s usually a pretty solid indication your
car has electrical issues.

1. Blown fuses: When you constantly must replace blown fuses, this
indicates something in the electrical system is sending too much
current through those fuses.
2. Dim headlights/taillights/dome lights: If you notice any of the lights
on your car are dim as you’re driving, this can indicate a problem
with the electrical system, usually that the alternator is failing. Ignoring it
could leave you stranded somewhere.

3. Engine struggles to crank: To start, your engine needs electricity

flowing to the spark plugs. Without a strong flow, the engine will struggle
to get going, or it might not start at all.

4. Smell of melting plastic: Never ignore this sign, because it can indicate
you have wiring that’s heating up so much, it’s melting the insulation
around it. If not taken care of, this could result in a car fire, maybe even
as you’re driving down the road.
5. Sputtering engine: If the spark plugs aren’t getting enough electrical
charge, the fuel won’t combust fully in the cylinders. Sometimes, the
issue might be with only one or two spark plugs, causing the engine to
run rough or sputter.

6. Lights/horn/radio won’t work: These problems can be caused by

something as simple as a blown fuse, which is easy to fix. If you have
multiple electrical systems failing, however, it might indicate the
alternator or another component needs to be replaced.

Many of these common electrical problems in cars are fairly easy

to fix. Your local auto supply store will have replacement fuses and
spark plugs. For trickier electrical issues, you may need to visit a
mechanic to get the problem repaired correctly.
 How do you tune-up an engine?
• Replace spark plugs and wires/coil boots.
• Set ignition timing - if applicable.
• Replace engine air filter.
• Replace fuel filter - if applicable.
• Clean the throttle body - if applicable.
• Perform a fuel system cleaning.
• Replace distributor cap and rotor - if applicable.
• Replace PCV valve - if applicable.
• Perform valve lashing – if applicable
 Is engine tune-up necessary?
• Whether you have a car with an older ignition system or a new one,
it's necessary to have a tune-up done when your vehicle's owner
manual requires it. If you don't, you run the risk of having your vehicle
run poorly. A properly tuned vehicle will run smoothly and perhaps
even see better fuel economy.
What are the signs that your car needs a tune up?

5 Signs Your Car Needs A Tune-Up

1. Decreased Fuel Mileage. ...
2. Weird or New Noises. ...
3. Diminished Braking Capacity. ...
4. Ignoring Warning Lights. ...
5. Engine Refusing To Start.
1. Decreased Fuel Mileage
Did you know: poor wheel alignment can drastically affect your vehicle’s gas
mileage, but it can also be a strong indication there are other problems occurring
under the hood. You can avoid further damage by getting a tune-up.

2. Weird or New Noises

Have you heard any strange noises that you’re not familiar with coming from your
vehicle while driving? Some of these noises may be harmless, but it may very well
be a serious indication that your vehicle may have a new problem.
For example, a thumping noise could mean that a part is loose; a screeching noise
could be a sign that you’re low on fluids. There is a series of interconnecting
moving parts in order to continue running smoothly. If any of these parts become
loose or broken, it may cause noises, and those noises will get louder and worse if
your car isn’t serviced.
3. Diminished Braking Capacity
We know safety is important when you’re driving, and the brakes in
your car are as important as your air-bags. They should be responsive,
functional and of course effective while driving. You may not know when you
will need that extra braking capacity, especially since all brakes decline
gradually on their own.
This is why having your car in for its regular tune-up is ideal. It allows
you and your mechanic to determine if your brakes need to be serviced. So,
before putting yourself and your vehicle in danger you should go in for a
tune-up. The brakes in our vehicles continuously decline, so it is important
that we get our vehicles serviced.

4. Ignoring Warning Lights

If you have noticed any warning lights, it is probably your vehicle’s way
of requesting a tune-up. People often don’t take their warning lights seriously
– like the check engine light – which usually results in more costly repairs.
5. Engine Refusing To Start
If your engine is struggling to start this could be a sign of several
issues, most of which are preventable if you are proactive with your
tune-up schedule. It could possibly be that the spark plugs in your
vehicle are misfiring and preventing your vehicle’s engine from turning
over.
By simply replacing one of these spark plugs, you can save on
time and costs with your mechanic. A regular tune-up is important
because these issues can be caught early on, so you won’t cringe from
costly repairs.
Can you tune up diesel engine?

• Although diesel engines require no ignition tune-ups and tend to last

longer without major repairs than gasoline engines, they do require
regular low-cost maintenance, mostly in the form of frequent oil and
filter changes. ... If you own a diesel and do the same thing, you may
end up with an engine that's prematurely dead.
How often do you tune up a diesel engine?
• Wondering how often should a diesel car be serviced? Keep diesel
repairs at bay by having regular maintenance performed at the right
intervals. When it comes to most diesel vehicles, the recommended
service period is about every 3,000 kms. or 6 months, whichever
comes first.
Vehicle Power Train
Clutch System

• A Clutch is defined as a system that is used to connect or disconnect

the engine from the rest of the transmission elements. It is located
between the engine and gearbox. During normal running and
stationary position, it is always in the engaged condition.
What are the parts of clutch system?

The four parts that make up the clutch are:

1. Clutch Plate.
2. Clutch Cover.
3. Clutch Bearing (Release bearing)
4. Release Fork (clutch fork)
 What parts should be replaced with clutch?

Five parts that should be changed during a clutch replacement

• Thrust bearing. When you depress the clutch pedal, the clutch fork
engages the pressure plate with a thrust bearing, also known as a
release bearing or throw-out bearing. ...
• Pressure plate. ...
• Slave cylinder. ...
• Clutch fluid. ...
• Transmission fluid.
Manual Transmission

• A manual transmission requires the driver to operate the gear stick

and clutch in order to change gears.
What are the 8 major parts of a manual transmission?

MANUAL TRANSMISSION: COMPONENTS, TYPES, WORKING PRINCIPLES

AND APPLICATIONS
1. Clutch Pedal: The clutch pedal is a hydraulically controlled piece of gear
that disengages the clutch when you depress it.
2. Clutch ...
3. Flywheel: ...
4. Selector Fork. ...
5. Collar(s) ...
6. Synchronizers. ...
7. Shafts. ...
8. Gears.
How do I know if my manual transmission is going bad?

Transmission Trouble: 10 Warning Signs You Need Repair

1. Refusal to Switch Gears. If your vehicle refuses or struggles to change
gears, you're more than likely facing a problem with your transmission
system. ...
2. Burning Smell. ...
3. Neutral Noises. ...
4. Slipping Gears. ...
5. Dragging Clutch. ...
6. Leaking Fluid. ...
7. Check Engine Light. ...
8. Grinding or Shaking.
9. Humming Sounds
 How to maintain manual transmission

• It is important to keep up a regular maintenance schedule for your

transmission. Many times major expensive repairs can be avoided if
the vehicle is properly maintained. This is especially true if you notice
something unusual. The car should be taken in immediately for
service.
Oil for manual transmission
 What is the automatic transmission system?

• Automatic transmission, arrangement of gears, brakes, clutches, a

fluid drive, and governing devices that automatically changes the
speed ratio between the engine and the wheels of an automobile. ...
When the car loses speed the transmission automatically shifts back
from high to low gear.
How does an automatic transmission work?

• The most common type of automatic transmission uses hydraulic

power to shift gears. ... The torque converter connects the engine to
the transmission and uses pressurized fluid to transfer power to the
gears. This apparatus replaces a manual friction clutch and lets the
vehicle come to a complete stop without stalling.
 5 MOST COMMON TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS AND
HOW TO SOLVE THEM
Automatic Transmission
Cause Solution
Problem
Defective Pan Gasket Replace Gasket

Leaking Pan Replace Pan

Faulty Seals Replace Seals

Fluid Leak
Leaking Fluid Lines Replace Fluid Lines

Loose Pan Bolts Tighten Pan Bolts

Faulty Torque Converter Repair Or Replace Converter

 Low Fluid Levels Add Transmission Fluid

Burnt or Ineffective Fluid Replace Transmission Fluid

Transmission Overheating Clogged Fluid Cooler Lines Flush Or Replace Cooler Lines

Hauling, Towing, Hot

Add Transmission Cooler
Climates

Defective Solenoid Replace Solenoid

Low Fluid Levels Add Transmission Fluid

Clicking or Whining Noise
Faulty Torque Converter Repair Or Replace Converter
 Low Fluid Levels Add Transmission Fluid
Defective Solenoid Replace Solenoid
No Forward or Reverse / Worn Gears Repair Or Replace Gears
Slipping Gears
Broken Transmission Bands Repair Or Replace Bands

Burnt Clutch Plates Replace Clutch Plates

Low Fluid Levels Add Transmission Fluid

Switch To Correct Automatic
Wrong Fluid Used
Transmission Fluid
Delayed or Erratic Shifting Drain And Change Automatic
Burnt or Ineffective Fluid
Transmission Fluid
Broken Vacuum Lines Repair Or Replace Lines
Defective Solenoid Replace Solenoid
 Oil for automatic
transmission
 Universal Joints

• Universal joints allow drive shafts to move up and down with the
suspension while the shaft is moving so power can be transmitted
when the drive shaft isn't in a straight line between the transmission
and drive wheels. Rear-wheel-drive vehicles have universal joints (or
U-joints) at both ends of the drive shaft.
What is a common cause of universal joint failure?

• Heavy loads, shocks, vibrations due to misalignment, material wear

can lead to loose play (backlash) within the bearings which can
ultimately lead to joint failure.
• Lack of lubricant (grease)
What tools do I need to replace U-joints?
• Materials Needed
1. Extensions.
2. Hammer.
3. Pliers.
4. Ratchets and sockets.
5. Screwdrivers.
6. Shop rags.
7. U-joints.
8. Vise.
Propeller Shaft
• What is propeller shaft and its types?
The propeller shaft is a component used for transmitting mechanical
power, torque, and rotation. ... Driveshaft are used differently in
different vehicles, with different configurations for front-wheel drive,
four-wheel drive, and front-engine rear-wheel drive in cars
Common defects of propeller shaft
• Top 3 Commonly Occurring Prop Shaft Problems
1. Damaged U-Joints. One of the first signs of drive shaft problems is
vibrations or shaking of the vehicle. ...
2. Worn Prop Shaft. ...
3. Worn and Damaged U-Joint.
 Differential

• What is a differential used for?

The differential is a system of gears that allows different drive wheels
(the wheels to which power is delivered from the engine) on the same
axle to rotate at different speeds, such as when the car is turning.
 Common Defects of Differential
• Common Problems With Differentials and What to Do About Them
1. Worn carrier bearings. ...
2. Loose pinion-bearing preload. ...
3. Broken pinion-gear tooth. ...
4. Worn U-joints. ...
5. Bad wheel bearings. ...
6. Broken cornering gears. ...
7. Worn transfer case. ...
8. Out-of-balance driveshaft.
9. Worn pinion bearings.
10. Insufficient lubrication.
 What causes differentials to fail?
• The leading cause of a differential failing is due to using the wrong
lubricant type and specialty lubricants. Water can also be a culprit to a
differential failing as it can enter through the vent or seals. ... Seized
U-joints that result in vibration can cause differential failure as well.
How do you fix a bad differential?
• How to fix a noisy differential: Replacing the differential fluid may stop
the sound, or replacing a pinion or side seal may solve the problem.
However, once the noise gets bad, rebuilding or replacing the
differential may be the best way to fix the noise.
Axle
• What is an axle used for?
An axle is a rod or shaft that rotates the wheels and supports the
weight of your vehicle. Axles are essential components of any vehicle
and come in three main types: front, rear, and stub.

Stub axle
What causes an axle to go bad?
• Axles are rods or shafts that connect to the drive wheels. ... Even
though axles are built to be tough, an overloaded vehicle can
sometimes crack or break an axle. Bad carrier bearings or bad
potholes are other common causes of axle problems.
 Can you fix bent rear axle?
• In most cases a bent axle cannot be repaired and must be replaced. A
bad axle will lead to other damage to your vehicle down the line. So
it's critical that the axle be in great condition to avoid other costly
repairs.
 Tires and Wheels
• What is difference between tire and wheel?
A wheel is the part of the car that is known as the part that is rounded
and is attached to an axle and a hub. ... The tire is simply the part that is
made out of rubber and assists the car with more practical movement.
The rubber grips the road to avoid a no-friction experience.

Wheel Tire
Tire Defects
• The most common tire defects include:
1. Tread separation.
2. Tread and steel belt separation.
3. Tire made without all specified components.
4. Improper puncture repair.
5. Tires made without the know separation prevention design features.
6. Tire not suitable for vehicle.
7. Retread failure.
8. Tire damaged during the mounting process.
How to: Make Your Tires Last
Longer
1. Check Your Tire Air Pressure Monthly. Take the easiest step to
extend tire life: Maintain the correct air pressure. ...
2. Get Your Tires Rotated Every 5,000 kms. In most cars, only one or
two wheels “drive” the car at a time. ...
3. Have Wheels Balanced. ...
4. Check Your Alignment Twice a Year.
 Tire Inflations

• What are the symptoms of an under inflated tire over inflated?

Without the right amount of air in your tires, you may feel your steering wheel
shake or an odd vibration when driving. Improper inflation also causes your
tires to become misaligned, and this may also create vibrations. Sidewall
cracks. As tires age, it is common for them to break down and experience
cracks.
Under chassis
Steering System
• The steering system converts the rotation of the steering wheel into a
swiveling movement of the road wheels in such a way that the
steering-wheel rim turns a long way to move the road wheels a short
way. ... The steering effort passes to the wheels through a system of
pivoted joints.
 What are the 2 types of steering systems?
• There are two basic types of power steering systems used on
vehicles. The rack and pinion steering system and the
conventional/integral steering gear system, which is also known as a
recirculating ball steering system.

Recirculating
What are the three types of power steering?

How do the Three Power Steering Systems Differ?

1. Hydraulic Power Steering.
2. Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering.
3. Electric Power Steering or Motor-Driven Power Steering.

Electric Power Steering or

Hydraulic Power Steering. Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering. Motor-Driven Power Steering.
What are the main problems that occur with steering systems?
• Common steering problems can include:
1. Difficulty in turning the wheel, especially at rest or lower speeds. ...
2. Lack of response from the steering wheel or looseness. ...
3. Steering wheel vibration or shaking. ...
4. Drifting or tracking problems. ...
5. Grinding noises.
5 Most Common Power Steering Problems

1. Low power steering fluid. ...

2. Power steering fluid leak. ...
3. Belt that's loose, worn or slipped. ...
4. Cracked or peeling hose. ...
5. Slipped hose coupling. ...
How do you diagnose power steering problems?

1. Check the power steering fluid level. If there's not enough fluid, it'll
be hard to make turns. ...
2. Inspect the hoses and lines around the power steering pump for
possible leaks.
3. Lift the front end of the car with a jack. ...
4. Check for loose belts.
 What causes electric power steering failure?
• Today's electronic power steering systems may fail due to issues with
the mounted electric motor. In particular, excessive heat on the
motor is likely to cause the failure modes. Infiltration of the system
environment by water, dirt, or other contaminants will also likely lead
to EPS failure.
Suspension system
• What does the suspension system do?
The suspension system's primary function is to maximize the overall
performance of a vehicle as it cruises down the road. The suspension
system also helps to absorb bumps in the road and provide a safe and
comfortable ride.
 8 Types of Car Suspensions
1. Multi-Link Suspension
2. Rigid Axle Suspension
3. Macpherson Suspension
4. Double Wishbone Suspension
5. Independent Suspension
6. Rigid suspension – Leaf Spring
7. Trailing Arm Suspension
8. Air Suspension
 Multi-link Suspension
multi-link suspension is a type of vehicle suspension and one
or more longitudinal arms. ... A wider definition can consider any
independent suspensions having ...Layout · Advantages
 What cars use multi link suspension?
• Subaru uses multi link suspensions on both the front and rear of the
vehicle. All Subarus, being all-wheel-drive vehicles, have multi-link
suspensions. This is the safest suspension to have, so that control can
be maintained especially when cornering or driving on rough roads.
 What is rigid axle suspension?
• A beam axle, rigid axle or solid axle is a dependent suspension design
in which a set of wheels is connected laterally by a single beam or
shaft. Beam axles were once commonly used at the rear wheels of a
vehicle, but historically they have also been used as front axles in
four-wheel-drive vehicles.
 What is MacPherson front suspension?
• The MacPherson strut is a type of automotive suspension system that
uses the top of a telescopic damper as the upper steering pivot. It is
widely used in the front suspension of modern vehicles and is named
for American automotive engineer Earle S. MacPherson, who
invented and developed the design.
 Double Wishbone Suspension
• What does a double wishbone suspension do?
Double wishbone suspension allows each wheel to act and react
independently from the others. It achieves this thanks to two
wishbone-shaped arms (also known as control arms or double A-arms)
that are located between the knuckle on the wheel assembly and the
car's chassis.
 Independent Suspension

• Independent suspension is any automobile suspension system that

allows each wheel on the same axle to move
vertically independently of the others.
• Independent suspension · Double wishbone suspension ·
Multi-link suspension
 What is rigid suspension system?
• Just as the name infers, the rigid axle suspension uses a solid beam to
connect opposing wheels. When a wheel on one side hits a bump or
moves, the wheel on the other side is negatively affected, decreasing
ride quality.

Front I beam Rear

Trailing Arm Suspension

• What kind of suspension is a trailing arm?

A trailing-arm suspension, sometimes referred as trailing-link is a
vehicle suspension design in which one or more arms (or "links") are
connected between (and perpendicular to and forward of) the axle and
a pivot point (located on the chassis of a motor vehicle).
 What is the purpose of air suspension?
• Air suspension reduces the tendency of short wheelbase trucks to
bounce over rougher roads and terrain when the vehicle is empty. Air
suspension improves the ride height based on the load weight and a
vehicle's speed. Higher corner speeds due to air suspension being
better suited to the surface of the road.
 How do you maintain car suspension?

• If you're interested in making everything last as long as

possible, you'll want to do the following:
1. Check your tires' air. ...
2. Check your tires' tread. ...
3. Get your wheels aligned. ...
4. Check the power steering fluid and belt. ...
5. Inspect the bushings and joints. ...
6. Inspect the shocks absorbers. ...
7. Have everything inspected if you're in an accident.
 Brake System
• What is the function of brake system?
The function of vehicle brake system is to stop or slow down the
moving motor vehicle or prevent it from moving when in stationary
position. All the braking systems use the force of friction for their
operation. Friction opposes the relative motion of the bodies that are in
contact with each other.
What are the components parts of the brake system?
• The major brake system components include the brake pedal, brake
booster, brake master cylinder, brake lines and hoses, brake calipers
and pistons, disc brake pads or brake shoes, disc brake rotors or brake
drums, brake fluid, anti-lock brake system (ABS) control module,
wheel speed sensors, and there are many more ...
What should you do if the brake system warning light
comes on?

• If you happen to be driving when the brake warning light first comes
on, carefully pull over in a safe area and turn your car off. The first and
easiest thing to check is your emergency brake. If the E-brake is fully
released, get out of the car and check your brake fluid level.
What is the most common problem with brakes?

• The most common problem we find are rotors that are warped and
damaged when worn out brake pads and shoes haven't been replaced
– ultimately shortening the life of healthy parts due to that metal–on–
metal friction.
How to replace brake system parts
• What parts are needed to replace brakes?
• The Tools Needed to Change Brakes
1. Start With the Right Protection. Before you start any project on your
car, make sure that you are properly protected. ...
2. Brake Pads and Rotors. ...
3. Jack and Jack Stand. ...
4. Lug Nut Wrench. ...
5. Brake Caliper Piston Tool. ...
6. Brake Bleeder Wrench. ...
7. Allen Wrench Set.
THANK YOU