EVOLUTION OF

ICT
The beginning of ICT can be traced back
when humans started to use objects to
communicate with one another. It is
ascertained that ICT began along with
the rise of humans. There are FOUR main
periods in history that divdes the era of
ICT, namely, the PREMECHANICAL,
MECHANICAL,ELECTROMECHANICAL
AND ELECTRONIC PERIODS.
PERIODS OF
ICT
PRE- MECHANICAL
PERIOD
Premechanical period can be traced back
thousands of years ago, around 3,000
BCE to1,450 CE. During this time, human
started communicating with one another
using words and pictograms curved in
rocks. Then they started to write symbols
as substitutes for pictures to depict
ideas,objects and animals.
Time passed and early human soon realized that
stone tablets are too heavy and bulky. The
information to be stored was growing and was
becoming enormous and writing these pieces of
information in stone tablets was impractical.
When paper was finally produced from the
payrus plant, storing of information was
revolutionized
 The Abacus considered to be the first counting
device, was introduced in the 2nd century BCE.
Evidence suggests that the Romans might have
introduced the abacus to China as a trade relations
have existed between the romans and the chinese
through the silk road.
MECHANICAL
PERIOD
• 1450- 1840
• This period served as the bridge between our current
period and the premechanical period.
• Automating and speeding up numerical calculations
grew
• Development of machines that will enhance calculation
speed
• Pascaline- Blaise Pascal along with Wilhelm Shickard
• Charles Babbage- A mathematician who invented
the analytical engine which is considered the first
programmable mechanical computer. "FATHER OF
COMPUTER"
• Ada Lovelace - Provides the algorithm for the
analytical engine " first computer programmer “
ELECTROMECHANICAL
PERIOD
• 1840-1940
• The use of electricity for information handling and
transfer bloomed. The need and the urgency to
share information with one another in a faster yet
reliable manner over long distances arouse.
• Use of telegraph to transfer information over long
distances. The information was coded in sounds of
dots, spaces and dashes over wired media.
• Telephone was later invented, enabling voice
transmission over long distances
• The telegraph is considered the first electrical
communications device. It was the first device to use
electricity to transmit information over an electrical
media.
• The first telegraph was invented in 1837 by William
Cooke
• First working model used 5 magnetic needles that could
be pointed around sets of letters and numbers by using
electric current.
• In 1844- American inventor Samuel Morse successfully
introduced the first single circuit telegraph which gave
rise to the morse code
• 1876- Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
that coverts sounds into Electricity and enables to
transmit it over copper wires
ELECTRONIC PERIOD
• It started in the 1940s and continues to the present.
• Advent of solid state devices or electronic devices.
• Late vacuum tubes period, transistors period,
integrated circuits period and computer processors
period
• The latter period of vacuum tube machines is the
start of the electronic period
• It is used as a switch, amplifier or display
screen (CRT). Used as on/off switches,
vacuum tubes allowed the first computers to
perform digital computations. Although
tubes made a comeback in high-end stereo
components, they have long since been
abandoned for TVs and computer monitors
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL
INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER (ENIAC)
• First electronic and purpose computer, marked a
revolutionary period in computing. ENIAC was a
big machine that occupied an area of 167 square
meters. Aside from it’s big size, its processing speed
was slower than those machines today.
• In 1947 transistor was invented. It is an electronic
device with properties and functions similar to
vacuum tubes, but it is lightweight and faster.
• Transistor is the foundation of every electronic device
today. In fact, you can find a transistor for every
electronic device.
• The first full transistor computer was developed in
1950 and was faster than vacuum computers.
• This period also saw the creation of high-level,
general purpose programming language which
ushered the modern programming languages we use
today.
• Transistors have two main functions. The first
is as an amplifier, turning a small electrical
signal into a larger and more powerful one.
The second is as a microscopic switch,
allowing current to flow through only at
specific times.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• American Electrical Engineer named Jack Kilby
was credited for introducing the integrated
circuit(IC) in 1958.
• A device that is composed of a group of transistors
and circuit elements compressed in a single
package.
• The IC revolutionized the use of computers
• Integrated circuits are used in a wide range
of electronic devices, including computers,
smartphones, and televisions, to perform
various functions such as processing and
storing information. They have greatly
impacted the field of electronics by enabling
device miniaturization and enhanced
functionality.
Olivettii Pogramma
101
• Originally designed in Italy by Pier Giorgo Perotto
and his team
• Became the first commercial personal computer
sold in 1965
•
• The very unit which had set the standards for
several PC platforms today, was introduced in
August 1981 and was developed by the IBM entry
systems Division Team lead by Don Estridge.