Relations

Functions

RELATIONS AND
Describing connections between number sets

0 FUNCTIONS
2
-3
9
1
7
5
In the silence of zero lies the sound of the universe.
Aryabhatta (Inspired)
 AIMS &
 Function Types & Diagrams.

OBJECTIVES
 Difference Between Relations and Functions.
 Learn the concept of Mapping & Visualize Functions.
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FUNCTION

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-A Function f is a relation such TYPES OF FUNCTION

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that no two pairs in the relation -Identity function, Constant
TYPES OF RELATION
has the same first element. function, Polynomial, Rational,
-Reflexive, Symmetric,
Modulus, Signum, Greatest
Transitive.
integer function

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RELATION DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN &

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-A Relation R from a non empty RANGE
set A to a non empty set B is -Domain: All valid inputs
a subset of the Cartesian Codomain: Possible outputs
Product A x B. Range: Actual outputs produced.

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CARTESIAN PRODUCT
-Two Non Empty sets A & B, the ALGEBRA OF REAL FUNCTION
sets of all ordered pairs (x,y), -Operations
where x E A and y E B.
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CONCEPT
S
YOU
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CARTESIAN
PRODUCT
Given two non-empty sets A and B, the set of all ordered pairs (x, y), where
x ∈ A and y ∈ B is called Cartesian product of A and B; symbolically, we
write:
A x B = {(x, y) | x ∈ A and y ∈ B} If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5), then
A x B = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} and
B x A = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3)}.
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RELA
TION
A Relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the
Cartesian product set A × B.
The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element
and the second element of the ordered pairs in A × B.
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TYPES OF
RELATION
REFLEXIVE RELATION
A reflexive relation is the one in which every element maps to itself.
For example:- Relation defined by parallel lines.
Every line is parallel to itself, hence it is a reflexive relation.

SYMMETRIC RELATION
For a relation to be symmetric, if a=b, then b=a. If such a condition is
satisfied then the relation is known as a symmetric relation.
For example:- A relation of parallel lines. Let I be parallel to m, then m is
also parallel to I. Thus, it is a reflexive relation.

TRANSITIVE RELATION
For a relation to be transitive, if a=b and b=c, then if a=c the relation is said
to be a transitive relation.
For example:-If a line I is parallel to m and m is parallel to n then I is also
parallel to n. Therefore it satisfies a transitive relation.
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FUNC
TION
A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be function if every element of
set A has one and only one image in set B.
In other words, a function f is a relation such that no two pairs in the
relation has the same first element.
The notation f : X → Y means that f is a function from X to Y. X is called the
domain of f and Y is called the co-domain of f. Given an element x ∈ X,
there is a unique element y in Y that is related to x. The unique element y to
which f relates x is denoted by f (x) and is called f of x, or the value of f at x,
or the image of x under f. The set of all values of f(x) taken together is called
the range of f or image of X under f.
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ALGEBRA OF
REAL FUNCTION
Addition of two real function:-
Let f: X → R and g: X → R be any two real functions, where X ∈ R. Then we
define (f+g): X → R by (f+g) (x) = f (x) + g (x), for all x ∈ X.
Subtraction of a real function from Another:-
Let f: X → R and g: X → R be any two real functions, where X ∈ R. Then, we
define (f-g): X → R by (f - g) (x) = f (x) - g (x), for all x ∈ X.
Multiplication by a scalar:-
Let f: X → R be a real function and α be any scalar belonging to R. Then the
product αf is function from X to R defined by (αf) (x) = α f (x), x ∈ X.
Multiplication of Two Real Functions:-
Let f: X → R and g: x → R be any two real functions, where X ⊆ R. Then
product of these two functions i.e. f g : X → R is defined by (f g) (x) = f (x) g
(x) ∀ x ∈ X.
Quotient of Two Real Functions:-
Let f and g be two real functions defined from X → R. The quotient of f by g
denoted by f/g is a function denoted by f/g is a function from X → R as (f/g)
(x)=f(x)/g(x), provided g (x) ≠ 0, x ∈ X.
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MAPP
ING
Relation:-
A relation from set A to set B is a subset of the Cartesian product A × B, i.e.,
a relation is a set of ordered pairs where the first element is from set A and
the second element is from set B.
Example:-
If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, then
A × B = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4)}
Possible relation R = {(1,3), (2,4)}
Domain:-
The domain of a relation is the set of all first elements (inputs) of the
ordered pairs in the relation.
Co-domain:-
The co-domain is the entire set B (the set to which all outputs belong),
regardless of whether all elements of B are used in the relation.
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GRAPHS
EVERY
.

STUDENT
SHOULD
 1 Identity Function
The identity function is defined as f(x)=xf(x) =
xf(x)=x. Its graph is a straight line passing
through the origin at a 45° angle.
Domain: R
2 Range: R

TYPES OF FUNCTION
3

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 2 Constant Function
This function is defined as f(x)=cf(x) = cf(x)=c,
where ccc is any real constant. Its graph is a
horizontal line parallel to the x-axis.
3 Domain: R
Range: {c}

TYPES OF FUNCTION
4

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 3 Polynomial Function
A commonly used example is the quadratic
function f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx +
cf(x)=ax2+bx+c. The graph is a parabola that
opens upward or downward depending on the
4 sign of a.
Domain: R
Range: [minimum value, ∞) if the parabola
opens upward
TYPES OF FUNCTION 5

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 4 Modulus Function
The modulus function is written as f(x)=∣x∣f(x)
= |x|f(x)=∣x∣. Its graph is V-shaped with the
5 vertex at the origin.
Domain: R
Range: [0,∞)

TYPES OF FUNCTION 6

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 5 Signum Function
Its graph consists of three horizontal segments at
y = -1, 0, and 1.
Domain: R
Range: { -1, 0, 1 }
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TYPES OF FUNCTION

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 6 Greatest Integer
Function
Also known as the floor function, it is written as
f(x)=[x], which gives the greatest integer less
7 than or equal to x. Its graph appears as a series
of horizontal steps.
Domain: R
Range: Z
TYPES OF FUNCTION
 7 Rational Function
A common example is f(x)=1xf(x) = \frac{1}
{x}f(x)=x1​. The graph consists of two branches
forming a hyperbola in opposite quadrants. The
function is not defined at x=0x = 0x=0.
Domain: R∖{0}
Range: R∖{0}

TYPES OF FUNCTION
Question
 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4
If A={1,2,3} and Let f:R→ R be defined Check whether the Find the domain
Question

B={4,5} by f(x)=3x+2, find the following relation is a and range of the

K
YOU
THAN

S O H H U M