Web Development and
Database Administration
This presentation covers the essential aspects of web development
and database administration, focusing on data modeling. We will
explore conceptual data models, normalization techniques, and
data model validation, providing a comprehensive overview for
effective database design and management.
The module aims to equip you with the skills to identify entities,
attributes, and relationships, design ER diagrams, apply
normalization rules, and validate data models, ensuring robust and
efficient database systems.
AT
by Addisu Tesfa
Understanding Business Data Operations
Business Operations Analyzing Business Operations
Business operations are ongoing activities that produce Operational analysis understands and develops
value by harvesting from tangible or intangible assets. operational processes, measuring performance against
These operations encompass generating recurring standards. It addresses customer results, strategic and
income, increasing asset value, and securing income business results, financial performance, and innovation.
and value.
Major data analysis methods include text analysis, statistical analysis, diagnostic analysis, predictive analysis, and
prescriptive analysis, each providing unique insights for strategic decision-making.
Defining System Scope and
Boundaries
System Scope
The scope statement defines what the system will and will not include,
detailing functional, non-functional, and pseudo requirements. It
identifies events, actors, information flow, major functions, and user
population.
System Boundaries
System boundaries identify where the system starts and ends,
including databases, applications, servers, operating systems,
gateways, application service providers, and ISPs.
Clarifying system boundaries ensures that all responsible components are
included in the sizing and planning process, providing a clear
understanding of the system's extent.
Entities, Attributes, Data Types, and Relationships
Entity
An entity is a single person, place, or thing about which data can be stored, representing one or more instances of a
concept. Entity types distinguish between record views and links.
Attribute
An attribute is a property or characteristic that describes an entity, such as an employee's name, age, or address.
Attributes can be simple, composite, single-valued, or multi-valued.
Relationship
A relationship is an association between entities, capturing how they are related. Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-
many, many-to-one, or many-to-many.
Data types define the format of data storage, including integer, character, string, floating-point number, array, varchar, and
boolean, ensuring data integrity and consistency.
Reviewing Business Rules
1 Business Rule
A business rule defines or constrains some aspect of the
business, asserting structure and influencing behavior. It
describes operations, definitions, and constraints applicable to
an organization.
2 Categories
Categories of business rules include definitions of business
terms, facts relating terms, constraints on behavior, and
derivations transforming knowledge.
Carefully managed rules help achieve goals, remove obstacles, reduce
mistakes, improve communication, comply with legal requirements, and
increase customer loyalty.
Documenting the Entity
Relationship Diagram
Data Modeling
Data modeling details information to be stored,
documenting and organizing business data for
communication and application development. It uses
symbols and text to explain real information.
ERD
An ERD is a flowchart visualizing database design by
showing how entities relate. It is used during the design
stage to identify system elements and their relationships.
Basic elements in an ERD include entity, attribute, and relationship, with
additional elements like weak entity, multi-valued attribute, derived
attribute, and recursive relationship.
Normalization: Eliminating Redundancy
Benefits
Benefits include reduced storage
usage, better searches, improved
Normalization 2
data integrity, efficient structure,
Normalization refines database and easier maintenance.
design to resolve inconsistencies 1
and redundancy. It validates and Anomalies
improves logical design to avoid Anomalies in normalization
unnecessary data redundancy. include insertion, update, and
deletion anomalies, which can be
3 eliminated through proper
normalization techniques.
Normalization stages include 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, and 5NF, each addressing specific types of data
dependencies and redundancies.
Data Model Validation and Client Approval
Validation
1 Validating the data model with the client confirms accuracy, completeness, and appropriateness in
collaboration with stakeholders.
Resolution
2 Resolving issues involves addressing challenges and suggesting improvements for
smooth functioning and optimal performance.
Documentation
3 Documenting the completed data model maintains a clear
record of structure, relationships, and constraints for future
reference.
Client approval submission involves presenting the data model, addressing questions, discussing revisions, and obtaining formal
approval for implementation.
