Acknowled
ging
Sources:
References
and
By: Lydia Muriith
Lesson Objectives
Understand the
Develop skills to
significance of Identify and apply
create accurate
referencing in appropriate
citations and
academic and referencing styles
reference lists
professional writing
What Is Reference and
Referencing?
A Reference - Detailed description of a
source you used in your work i.e. book,
journal article, website, or any other
material you’ve cited
Referencing - acknowledging the
sources you have used in your writing.
Includes both in-text citations and a
reference list/ bibliography
Why Acknowledge Sources?
Give credit to
Avoid plagiarism
original authors of
the information
Support arguments Enable readers to
with evidence locate original sources
Consequences of Not
Acknowledging Sources?
Academic
Loss of credibility and
misconduct or
trust.
penalties
Limited intellectual Legal issues in
growth professional contexts
Referencing
Styles
Source: Ph.D Assistance
We will focus on
American Psychological
Modern Language
Association (APA)
Association (MLA)
1. American Physiological
Association
Widely used in social sciences, education,
and psychology
Key features:
1.In-text Citations
2.Reference List
1. American Physiological
Association
1. In-text Citations
(Author name, Year, Page)
• Single author: (Author, Year) i.e. (Kasongo, 2023)
• Two authors: Jane Doe and Alex White in 2020 - (Doe & White,
2020)
• Three or more authors: Johnson, Smith, Patel, and Lee—published
in 2021 -end of a sentence - (Johnson et al., 2021) – In between a
sentence - Johnson et al. (2021),
• Direct Quoting with page number: (Kasongo, 2023, p.15)
• Citing multiple works in one sentence: one by Hellen (2019)
and another by Lydia (2024) - (Hellen, 2019; Lydia, 2024)
• No author: Article titled “Improving Communication Skills”
1. American Physiological
2. Reference List Entry
Association
Comprises of:
• Author(s): Last name, followed by initials e.g., (Kamau, J.).
• Publication Year: In parentheses e.g., (2020).
• Title of Work: Italicized for books and journal titles; only the first
word of the title and subtitle are capitalized.
• Publisher or Source: Include publisher, journal name, or
URL/DOI.
How To Reference Using APA
A. Book Reference
Author: Michael Green
Year: 2022
Title: The Art of Communication
Publisher: Academic Press
• Green, M. (2022). The Art of Communication. Academic Press.
How To Reference Using APA
B. Journal Article
Authors: Lisa Carter and John Miller
Year: 2019
Title: Strategies for Effective Teamwork
Journal: Journal of Communication
Volume: 35
Issue: 4
Pages: 45-58
DOI: 10.1234/jcomm.2019.004
• Carter, L., & Miller, J. (2019). Strategies for Effective Teamwork.
Journal of Communication, 35(4), 45-58.
How To Reference Using APA
C. Website Reference
Author: National Communication Association
Year: 2021
Title: Tips for effective public speaking
URL: https://www.natcom.org/public-speaking-tips
• National Communication Association. (2021). Tips for effective
public speaking. https://www.natcom.org/public-speaking-tips
How To Reference Using APA
D. Multiple Authors
Authors: Jane Doe, Alex White, and Emily Black
Year: 2020
Title: Mastering Collaboration
Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Doe, J., White, A., & Black, E. (2020). Mastering collaboration.
Oxford University Press.
APA Referencing for Specific
1.
Situations
Use “&” between names in in-text citations and the reference
list (e.g., Murimi & Kibet, 2024).
2. List the first author for more than three authors followed by et
al.
• In-text citations - (Kipchoge et al., 2020).
• In between sentences - Kipchoge et al. (2020),
3. No Author: Use the title in place of the author e.g., (Effective
Communication, 2020).
4. No Date: Use “n.d.” (e.g., Nyambura L., n.d.).
Resources for Learning APA
1.Official APA Style website: https://apastyle.apa.org/
2.Citation tools like Zotero, EndNote, and Mendeley
3.APA Style Manual: Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th Edition) https://
apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition
Task 1
Please review the following reference and write in the correct
format;
Siegel, J (2024). Factors affecting notetaking performance.
International journal of Listening, 38(2), 118-130.
Correct Answer
Siegel, J. (2024). Factors affecting notetaking performance.
International Journal of Listening, 38(2), 118-130.
2. Modern Language
Association
Commonly used in humanities, such
as literature, arts, and cultural
studies
Some key features include:
• In-text citations
• Works cited
2. Modern Language
Association
1. In-text Citations
• Format: (Author’s Last Name Page Number)
• No comma between the name and page number
Example: End of sentence (Wambui 45).
In between sentence Wambui (45),
2. Modern Language
Association
2. Works Cited Entry
• Author(s): Last name, followed by first name (e.g., Smith,
John)
• Title of the Source: Italicized for books or journals, in
quotation marks for articles or chapters
• Container: The larger work where the source is located (e.g.,
journal, website, book)
• Other Contributors: Editors, translators, etc. (if applicable)
• Version/Edition: If applicable (e.g., 3rd ed.)
• Publisher: For books or websites, name the publisher
• Date: The publication or update date
How To Reference Using
A. Books
MLA
Single Author
• Ngunjiri, Kamau. Effective Communication Strategies: A Guide
to Success. Academic Press, 2020.
Multiple Authors
• Alston, Jean, and Jane Taylor dec'd. Handwriting: Theory,
research and practice. Taylor & Francis, 2024.
How To Reference Using
MLA
B. Journal Articles
Single Author
• Howard, Patrick, et al. "Leading educational change in the
21st century: Creating living schools through shared vision
and transformative governance." Sustainability 11.15 (2019):
4109.
Multiple Authors
• Brewer, Margo L., Emily Jackson, and Emma Bartle. "How do
universities support communication skills for clinical
placements with culturally and linguistically diverse students?
How To Reference Using
MLA
C. Websites
Organization as Author
• National Communication Association. “10 Tips for Public
Speaking Success.” NCA Resources, 2023,
www.natcom.org/public-speaking-tips.
Individual Author
• Smith, Amanda. “Building Rapport in Conversations:
Techniques That Work.” Effective Communication Blog, 2021,
www.effectivecommunication.com/building-rapport.
How To Reference Using
MLA
D. Media Sources
Film
• The King’s Speech. Directed by Tom Hooper, performances by
Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush, Weinstein Company, 2010.
Podcast
• Wilson, & Mark. “Mastering Communication in a Digital Age.”
The Communication Skills Podcast, episode 15, Spotify, 10
June 2022, open.spotify.com/episode/15xyz.
Assignment
Review the references provided. Identify the errors or incomplete details in the format. Rewrite each
reference correctly, ensuring it adheres to the specified style (MLA or APA).
i. Williams, Sarah J. Rethinking Modern Narratives. Harper Academic Press, 2021.Task: Rewrite this
reference in APA style,
ii. Carter, Emily, and Michael Brown. "The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Workplace Communication."
Psychology Today Studies, vol. 56, no. 2, 2022, pp. 123-135.Task: Format this reference in APA style.
iii. Media Convergence in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Jenkins, Henry. Continuum Journal of Media
Studies, 2020, vol. 35, issue 4, pp. 450–475.Task: Reorganize and format this reference correctly in
MLA style.
iv. Smith, Robert L. Sustainable Farming Practices: Innovations for a Changing Climate. Academic Press,
2023.Task: Rewrite this reference in APA style.
v. Lopez, Maria. "Digital Storytelling in the Social Media Era." Published by Media Literacy Blog, March
Google Scholar for
Referencing
Link: https://scholar.google.com/
Thank
you for
listening!
Success In Your End of Semester
