SLOs
• Arteriosclerosis :
Define arteriosclerosis.
State the types of arteriosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis:
Define the term atherosclerosis
Describe the aetiology of atherosclerosis
Describe the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Describe the morphological features of
atherosclerosis
Artery
• Depending upon the calibre and certain
histological features
• 3 types
• [Link] arteries(Elastic): aorta,carotid,
pulmonary,iliac arteries
• [Link] sized a(muscular):are the branches
of arteries
• [Link] arteries: arterioles, capillaries
Histologically
• 3 layers
• 1 tunica intima
• 2 tunica media
• 3 tunica adventitia
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• Definition:
• Arteriosclerosis is a
generic term for
thickening and
hardening of arteries of
all sizes and types, often
associated with loss of
elasticity of arterial
walls
Types of Arteriosclerosis
• 1 Senile Arteriosclerosis
• 2 Hypertensive Arteriolosclerosis
• 3 monckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis
• 4 Atherosclerosis
[Link] arteriosclerosis
[Link] arteriolosclerosis
• Hypertensive is term used to describe an
elevation in blood pressure
• Arteriolosclerosis is term used to describe
vascular disease affecting arterioles and small
muscular arteries
• 3 morphological forms
• 1. Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
• 2. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
• 3. Necrotising arteriolitis
[Link]’s arteriosclerosis
• Calcification of media of
muscular arteries
• Especially the arteries of
extremities and genital
tract
• Age related
• Pathogenesis: prolonged
effect of vasoconstriction
[Link]
• A chronic inflammatory
disease characterized by the
accumulation of lipids,
inflammatory cells, and
fibrous elements in the
intimal layer of large and
medium-sized arteries,
leading to the formation of
atheromatous plaques that
cause narrowing and loss of
elasticity of the affected
vessels.
• Term derived from
• Athero (porridge)
refering to soft lipid rich
material in centre of
atheroma
• Sclerosis (scarring)
refering to connective
tissue in plaques
Etiology
• 1 major risk factors .
[Link] risk factors:
Dyslipidaemias,
Hypertension,smoking, Diabetes
Mellitus
[Link] risk factors:
Age,Sex,Genetic
factors,Familialand racial factors
• 2 Emerging risk factors:
Obesity,Use of exogenous
harmones, physical inactivity,
Stressful life, patient with
homocystinuria,role of infection,
makers of inflammation
Pathogenesis
Two theories:
[Link] to injury hypothesis
[Link] theory
[Link] to injury hypothesis
• [Link] injury
• [Link] of
lipoproteins
• [Link] and
migration
• [Link] of fatty streaks
• [Link] cytokine
release
• [Link] muscle cell
proliferation and matrix
deposition
• [Link] formation
(atheroma)
[Link] theory
• Step1. Initiating event
• [Link] expansion
• [Link] cellular matrix formation
• [Link] development
• Step.5Atheroma formation
Morphological features
Early lesions in the form of
[Link] streaks
[Link] plaques
[Link] plaques
• [Link] streaks and dot:
fat or slightly elevated
yellow lines of lipid
accumulation.
Composed of lipid filled
foamy macrophages
• [Link]
plaques:
Elevated yellowish
white lesion in intima.
Seen in
aorta,coronary,carotid,a
nd cerebral arteries
• [Link] plaques:
narrowing of the lumen
of coronary plaque
which has dystrophic
calcification in its core
Treatment
1. Lifestyle Modifications :
Dietary Changes
Exercise
Quit Smoking
Weight Management
• Control Blood Pressure
& Diabetes:
2. Medications
Statins (e.g. Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin):
Lower LDL cholesterol,Stabilize plaques
Antiplatelets (e.g. Aspirin, Clopidogrel)
Antihypertensives (e.g. ACE inhibitors, beta-
blockers)
• Antidiabetic Drugs (if diabetic)
• 3. Surgical / Interventional Procedure
•
• Angioplasty with Stent Placement:
• Balloon dilation of narrowed artery, stent placed to keep open
•
• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
• Uses grafts to bypass blocked coronary arteries
•
• Endarterectomy:
• Surgical removal of plaque (e.g., carotid endarterectomy)
Homeopathic remedies
1. Baryta Muriatica 4. Plumbum Metallicum
Indications: Arteriosclerosis in elderly people, Indications: Advanced arteriosclerosis, especially
especially with mental decline. with nervous system involvement.
Symptoms: Weak memory, vertigo, high blood Symptoms: Paralysis, muscle atrophy,
pressure, hardening of arteries, senility. constipation, hypertension.
2. Aurum Metallicum
5. Secale Cornutum
Indications: Arteriosclerosis with emotional
symptoms like depression or suicidal tendencies. Indications: Arteriosclerosis with poor peripheral
circulation.
Symptoms: High blood pressure, palpitation,
melancholy, sensation of pressure on the chest. Symptoms: Cold extremities, numbness,
cyanosis, tendency toward gangrene.
3. Crataegus Oxyacantha (Hawthorn)
Indications: A general heart tonic; improves 6. Tabacum
circulation and heart muscle. Indications: Severe arterial spasms with intense
• Symptoms: Weak pulse, breathlessness, coldness and collapse.
irregular heartbeat, acts well in early stages. • Symptoms: Pale face, pulse, nausea.
References
• Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
• Harsh Mohan Textbook of Pathology
Thank You
• Questions & Answers
