ROCKS
AND
MINERALS
Prepared by:
DONATO C. LIBUNAO,
JR.
Special Science Teacher I
MINERALS
ROCKS AND
ALL ABOUT
SPECIFIC MINERALS
TOPICS Properties of minerals
Mineral groups
ALL ABOUT ROCKS AND
ROCKS MINERALS IN
Types of Rocks THE SOCIETY
Rock Cycle Minerals and Rocks with
economic value
MINERALS
ROCKS AND
OBJECTIVES
After going through this lesson, the students are
expected to:
1. identify the physical and chemical properties of
minerals;
2. establish relationships between rock types and
their mode of origin and environments of
deposition/formation;
3. draw the rock cycle diagram; and
ALL ABOUT
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
01
MINERALS
Properties of Minerals
Mineral Group
ALL ABOUT
02
ROCKS
Types of Rocks
Rock Cycle
ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE
03
SOCIETY
Rocks and minerals
with economic use
THINGS
and value TO DO AT
04
HOME
Reminders on module
activities
05
CLOSING
Generalization on topic
discussed
Questions
MINERALS
In Chemistry, mineral is any naturally
occurring chemical element or
compound, but in mineralogy and
geology, minerals are chemical elements
or compound that have been formed
through inorganic processes.
MINERALS
To say that something is a mineral, it must
have all the following characteristics:
1. It is naturally occurring (not man-made or
machine generated)
2. It is inorganic (not a byproduct of living
things)
3. It has a definite arrangement of atoms,
that is solid with an orderly crystalline
structure
4. Its chemical composition can be expressed
in terms of chemical formula.
MINERALS
Water is not a mineral because it is not solid in
structure. Despite the fact that pearl is
naturally occurring, crystalline solid, and its
composition can be expressed in a chemical
formula, still it is not a mineral because it is
organic, a byproduct of clams. Ice tube and
iron nail are both man-made so they’re not
considered as a mineral while graphite,
snowflakes, salt, Gold, and Silver meets all the
requirements to be called a mineral.
PROPERTIES
OF
MINERALS
- LUSTER
- HARDNESS
- COLOR
- STREAK
- CRYSTAL FORM
- CLEAVAGE AND
FRACTURE
- SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER PROPERTIES
LUSTER
MAIN TYPES OF LUSTER
- Metallic
- Non-metallic
- Vitreous
- Pearly
- It is the quality and intensity of reflected
- Silky
light exhibited by the mineral.
- Adamantine
- Can also be described as the general
appearance of the surface in reflected - Dull/Earthy
light
-
METALLI TYPES OF
C
LUSTER
VITREOUS
Minerals reflect light like
metals.
Metallic luster often
tarnishes to a dull luster.
(Example: Galena)
PEARLY The mineral reflects light like
glass.
Sometimes glassy luster is
used instead of vitreous.
(Example: Fluorite)
The luster of a pearl or
mother of pearl. (Example is
Biotite Mica)
TYPES OF
SILKY
LUSTER
ADAMANTINE
The luster of silk. It
occurs in minerals with a
fibrous structure.
DULL/
(Example: Satin Spar)
EARTHY The luster of a diamond
The mineral does not reflect
light and has the same
appearance as soil. (Example:
Limonite)
HARDNESS
- HARDNESS is the measure of the resistance of
a mineral to abrasion. Mohs scale is used to
determine the hardness of a mineral.
- Mohs Hardness Scale is designed by German
geologist/mineralogist, Friedrich Mohs in 1812.
The test simply compares the resistance of a
mineral relative to the 10 reference minerals
with known hardness.
MOHS SCALE
1 – TALC
OF HARDNESS
2 - GYPSUM
3 - CALCITE
4 - FLUORITE
MOHS SCALE
5 - APATITE
OF HARDNESS
6 – ORTHOCLASE FELDSPAR
7 - QUARTZ
8 - TOPAZ
MOHS SCALE
OF HARDNESS
9 - CORUNDUM
10 - DIAMOND
COLOR
- COLOR – the color of a fresh surface
mineral is a clue to their identification. A
lot of minerals can exhibit same or
similar colors. Individual minerals can
also display a variety of colors resulting
from impurities and also from some
geologic processes like weathering.
STREAK
The color of a mineral can be
different from its streak. Streak is
inherent to almost every mineral.
Color maybe unreliable for
identification as impurities within the
- STREAK – minerals may give the minerals a
is the mineral’s color in
powdered form. different color.
- - obtained by rubbing a mineral on a
white unglazed tile or porcelain plate
- Examples of streak: pyrite exhibits gold
color but has a black or dark gray streak.
CRYSTAL
FORM
The form reflects the supposedly internal
structure of the mineral. It is the natural shape
of the mineral before the development of any
cleavage or fracture.
CLEAVAGE
AND
FRACTURE
• Cleavage is the property of some minerals
to break along specific planes of weakness
to form smooth, flat surfaces
• These planes exist because the bonding of
atoms making up the mineral happens to be
weak in those areas.
• Some minerals do not break along cleavage
planes but instead it is described as
fracture, which is irregular or without any
definite pattern or direction.
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
• Specific gravity is the weight
of the mineral compared to the
weight of an equal volume of
water. Native metals are the
heaviest ones.
OTHER
PROPERTIES
Examples:
- Magnetite is strongly
magnetic
- Sulfur has distinctive
smell
- Halite is salty
- Other properties of minerals
include magnetism, odor, taste, - Fluorite has the ability to
reaction to acid, fluorescence disperse ultraviolet rays
to visible light
- - Calcite fizzes with acid as
with dolomite but in
- 1. Silicates - minerals containing 2 of the
most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust,
namely, silicon and oxygen.
- -Over 90% of the rock-forming minerals belong
to this group. Aside from Silicon (46.6 %) and
Oxygen (27.7%), the other most common
elements that make the Earth’s crust are Al
(8.1), Fe (5.0), Ca (3.6), Mg (3.1), Na (2.8) and
K 2.6).
- 2. Oxides - minerals containing Oxygen
anion (O2) combined with one or more metal
ions
- 3. Sulfates - minerals containing Sulfur and
Oxygen anion (SO4) combined with other ions
- 4. Sulfides - minerals containing sulfur
anion (S2) combined with one or more ions.
MINERAL
Some sulfides are sources of economically
important metals such as copper, lead and
GROUPS
zinc.
- 5. Carbonates - minerals containing the
carbonate anion (CO3) combined with other
elements
- 6. Native Elements - minerals that form
as individual elements.
- - Metals and Inter-metals – minerals with high
thermal and electrical conductivity, typically
with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead)
- - Semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile
than metals and have lower conductivity
(arsenic, bismuth)
- - Nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond)
- 7. Halides - minerals containing halogen
elements combined with one or more elements MINERAL
GROUPS
ALL ABOUT
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
01
MINERALS
Properties of Minerals
Mineral Group
ALL ABOUT
02
ROCKS
Types of Rocks
Rock Cycle
ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE
03
SOCIETY
Rocks and minerals
with economic use
THINGS
and value TO DO AT
04
HOME
Reminders on module
activities
05
CLOSING
Generalization on topic
discussed
Questions
ALL ABOUT
ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
A rocks are naturally formed, non-living
mass of organic and inorganic earth
material consisting of one or more
minerals that are held together in a firm,
solid mass.
ROCKS
● Rocks are classified by how they are
formed, their composition, and texture
● Rocks change over time through the rock
cycle
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
are rocks that form from the
cooling of hot molten masses
called magma (hot molten
mass that can be found
beneath the earth’s surface)
or lava (hot molten mass on
the earth’s surface).
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
• Magma can form:
• When rock is heated
• When pressure is
released
• When rock changes
composition
• Magma freezes between
• 700 °C and 1,250 °C
• Magma is a mixture of
many minerals
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS
1. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS
ROCKS - Formed beneath
the earth’s surface. Ex:
gabbro, granite
2. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS
ROCKS - Formed on the
earth’s surface. Ex: andesite,
pumice, Basalt
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
Igneous Rocks can also be
classified as:
• Felsic: light colored rocks
that are rich in elements such
as aluminum, potassium,
silicon, and sodium
• Mafic: dark colored rocks that
are rich in calcium, iron, and
magnesium, poor in silicon
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
Igneous Rocks can also be
classified as:
• Coarse-grained: takes
longer to cool, giving mineral
crystals more time to grow
• Fine-grained: cools quickly
with little to no crystals
IGNEOUS ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
Coarse- Fine-Grained
Grained
Felsic
Granite Rhyolite
Mafic
Gabbro Basalt
IGNEOUS ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms
from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It
cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic or
Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive
or Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained,
extrusive
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
are formed by the
compaction and cementing
together of sediments
(materials that settle out of
air and water), broken pieces
of rock-like gravel, sand, silt,
or clay.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
• No heat and pressure
involved
• Strata – layers of rock
• Stratification – the
process in
which sedimentary rocks
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ROCKS
TYPES OF
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
1. CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS - Formed from broken
bits and pieces of other existing
rocks that settle out of water or
air. Ex. Conglomerate, sandstone
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
2. NON -CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS -
Chemical - Formed from the
materials that precipitated from
water. Ex: Gypsum, halite or salt .
Biological or organic - Formed from
organic sediments that are remains
of living organisms such as plants
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
are formed when igneous or
sedimentary rocks are
subjected to heat and
pressure.
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
1. Quartzite - a coarse-grained
metamorphic rock derived
from sandstone.
2. Marble - a metamorphic rock
that comes from
metamorphosed limestone or
dolomite.
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
TYPES OF
ROCKS
EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
3. Slate- formed when shale is
subjected to heating magma
4. Gneiss- formed when
conglomerate is exposed to heat
and pressure
THE ROCK CYCLE
ALL ABOUT
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
01
MINERALS
Properties of Minerals
Mineral Group
ALL ABOUT
02
ROCKS
Types of Rocks
Rock Cycle
ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE
03
SOCIETY
Rocks and minerals
with economic use
THINGS
and value TO DO AT
04
HOME
Reminders on module
activities
05
CLOSING
Generalization on topic
discussed
Questions
ROCKS,
MINERALS AND
SOCIETY
ROCKS,
MINERALS AND
SOCIETY
Earth’s crust is the source of a wide
variety of minerals, many of which are
useful and essential to people. As a
matter of fact, all manufactured product
contains materials obtained from
minerals.
ROCKS,
MINERALS AND
SOCIETY
Most people are familiar with the
common uses of basic metals, including
Aluminum in beverage can, Copper in
electrical wires, Gold in jewelry, and
Silicon in computer chips. But fewer are
aware that pencil Lead does not contain
Lead metal but is really made of the soft
black mineral called graphite.
ROCKS,
MINERALS AND
SOCIETY
The economic uses of rocks and minerals
are important to us. Consequently, a
basic knowledge of the earth materials is
essential to the understanding of all Earth
science phenomena.
USES OF SOME
MINERALS
FELDSPAR - Used to make porcelain, enamel, and as a building
stone.
MICA- Used for insulation in electrical equipment, wallpaper, and
fireproof materials
TALC- Used to make powder for cosmetic products
CALCITE - Used in manufacturing cement and mortar and for
writing on the board
USES OF SOME
MINERALS
SULFUR- Used in manufacturing sulfuric acid, explosives, dyes,
insecticide, and soap
SALT - Used as a preservative and additive
BORAX - Used in manufacturing soap, enamels, glass, washing
powder, and welding
APATITE - Used for fertilizer
USES OF SOME
MINERALS
GRAPHITE - Used as pencil Lead
IRON - Used in industry and infrastructure projects
ALUMINUM - Used for roofing and in making planes, cars and
other transport vehicles
MERCURY - Used in thermometers, barometers, and industries
USES OF SOME
MINERALS
TITANIUM - Used in paint pigments and bulletproof since it was
light but very strong
GOLD - Used for coins, jewelry, and in coating other ornamental
objects.
SILVER - Used as conductor, making silverwares, coins, and jewelry
COPPER - Used in electrical wirings
USES OF SOME
MINERALS
DIAMOND - Used in industry and in making jewelry
QUARTZ - Used in making optical instruments, radio and electronic
equipment because of its electrical properties and in porcelain
paints when in powdered form
ALL ABOUT
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
01
MINERALS
Properties of Minerals
Mineral Group
ALL ABOUT
02
ROCKS
Types of Rocks
Rock Cycle
ROCKS AND MINERALS IN THE
03
SOCIETY
Rocks and minerals
with economic use
THINGS
and value TO DO AT
04
HOME
Reminders on module
activities
05
CLOSING
Generalization on topic
discussed
Questions
