Production Technology

of
Mango
 Mango: The King of
Fruits
• Mango, scientifically known as Mangifera indica, is a
beloved tropical fruit celebrated worldwide.
• Originating in the Indo-Burma region and the
Philippines, mango has been cultivated in India for
over 4,000 years, earning its title as the "king of
fruits."
• India ranks first among the major world producers of
mango.

• Mango is grown in almost all states of India, and

comprises 39.3% of area under fruits with 23.3%
production share of major fruits in India.

• The largest area under mango is in Andhra Pradesh

followed by UP. The highest yield is also found in
Andhra Pradesh followed by UP.

• The major mango growing states are Andhra Pradesh,

UP, Maharashtra, Bihar, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Odisha, West Bengal and Gujarat.
Mango's Versatility
Culinary Delights Varietal Diversity

Ripe mangoes are enjoyed as a delicious table India boasts over 1,000 mango varieties, each
fruit, while their versatility extends to jams, offering unique taste, flavor, pulp consistency,
jellies, squashes, syrups, pickles, and chutneys. and yield potential.
 Varieties of Mango
1. Alphonso: The most popular variety of India susceptible to spongy tissue. It has export quality.
2. Banganpalli: The main commercial variety of A.P.
3. Bombay Green: The earliest variety of North India. It is called Malda in UP and Sehroli in Delhi.
4. Chausa: The sweetest variety of mango
5. Dashehari: The most popular variety in North India.
6. Fazli: Late maturing variety.
7. Kesar: It has good processing quality.
8. Langra: It has a characteristic turpentine flavour, most prone to fruit drop.
9. Niranjan: off-season bearer.
10. Neelum: Best combiner variety. Ideal for long transport, two crops in a year.
11. Rosica: Mutant variety of mango.
12. Madhulica: most precocious cultivar of mango.
13. Lal Sindhuri: Powdery mildew-resistant variety of mango
14. Rumani: Apple-shaped variety.
15. Akshay: Selection from Dashahari
 Banganpalli Bombay Green Chausa Dashehari
Alphonso

Lal Sindhuri Rumani

Langra
Fazli
 Mango Hybrids
1. Mallika: Neelum X Dashehari - Regular bearer, highest Vitamin A
2. Amrapali: Dashehari X Neelam, Dwarf, suitable for HDP (2.5X2.5m2)
3. Ratna: Neelam X Alphonso, Regular bearer, spongy tissue free, pulp -78.62%. 4. Sindhu: Ratna X
Alphonso
5. Arka Puneet: Alphonso X Banganpalli, spongy tissue free
6. Arka Aruna: Banganpalli X Alphonso, Dwarf, spongy tissue free
7. Arka Anmol: Alphonso X Janardan Pasand, spongy tissue free
8. Arka Neelkiran: Alphonso X Neelum, spongy tissue free
9. Manjeera: Rumani X Neelum
10. Prabha Sankar: Bombay Green X Kalapady
11. Pusa Arumina: Amrapalli X Sensation (USA)
12. Saisugartha: Totapuri X Kesar, regular bearer, malformation free, suitable for pulping.
13. Arunika: CISH, Lucknow, 40% smaller in plant size than her parent Amrapali, attractive red colour fruit.
Climate and Rainfall
1 Tropical Delight 2 Temperature
Preferences
Mango thrives in tropical
and subtropical climates, An annual mean
flourishing from sea level temperature of 21° to
to altitudes of 1,400 27°C is ideal, with
meters. tolerance ranging from 5°
to 44°C.

3 Rainfall Requirements
Mango requires an average annual rainfall of 250 mm to
2,500 mm, with dry winters and hot summers being optimal.
Soil and Planting
Soil Preferences Planting Season

Deep alluvial soil of Indo-Gangetic plains is Mango is typically planted between July and
ideally suited for mango cultivation.
December, using approach or soft wood grafts
Besides, Red loamy soil with good drainage is as planting material.
preferred, with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5.
Field Preparation and Spacing
Field Preparation Spacing Considerations

The field is ploughed twice before digging pits Spacing varies from 7-10m for traditional
measuring 1x1x1m, filled with topsoil, FYM, and planting, while high-density planting
Lindane dust. (10x5m) is used for varieties like Alphonso,
Banganapalli, and Mallika.
Irrigation and Fertilization
Irrigation Practices Fertilization Strategies

Regular watering is essential for Chemical fertilizers are applied one year
establishment, with intervals of 10 to 15 after planting, typically during September-
days for fruit development. Irrigation is October, incorporating them into the soil.
stopped 2-3 months before flowering.
Intercropping and
Pruning
Intercropping Pruning Techniques
Short-lived crops like Mango is a terminal bearer,
papaya, phalsa, and guava requiring minimal pruning.
can be intercropped in the However, heading back
initial years, along with and thinning out can
vegetables like onion, rejuvenate old trees by
tomato, brinjal, and chili. promoting sunlight
penetration and nutrient
flow.
Growth Regulators and
Alternate Bearing

Growth Regulators Alternate Bearing

NAA (20 ppm) can be sprayed Alternate bearing, where heavy
during flowering to increase fruit
fruit production is followed by a
retention, while urea or KNO3 can
be applied to induce flowering. lean crop, can be mitigated by
selecting regular bearing
Spray 2% KNO3 at mustard size to
increase fruit set and retention of varieties, proper management
fruits. practices, and preventive
Apply paclobutrazol @ 10 g
a.i/full bearing tree during first fort measures.
night of September to get
maximum number of fruits and
yield during off years.
Mango Propagation: Techniques for
Success
Stone/Epicotyl Grafting Cleft Grafting

A simple method, using a section of the epicotyl (stem A traditional method where a scion wedge is inserted
below the cotyledons) of a seedling as the scion. It into a cleft made in the rootstock. It's reliable, but
offers good compatibility and is widely practiced. requires skilled hands for proper placement.
Mango Propagation: Techniques for
Success (Continued)
Soft Wood Grafting Inarching

Uses scions from young, actively growing shoots. It A technique where a scion branch is joined to the
promotes rapid growth and is suitable for delicate rootstock while still attached to its parent plant. It
scions. ensures good vascular connections.
 Veneer Grafting

A precise technique where a thin slice of scion

wood is inserted onto the rootstock. It's ideal for
achieving a strong union with minimal scarring.
Plant Protection and Diseases
Pest Control
Mango is susceptible to pests like plant hoppers, stem borers, mealy bugs, and nut
weevils, requiring timely control measures.

1 2

Disease Management
Common mango diseases include powdery mildew, anthracnose, and sooty mold,
which can be managed through preventive and curative measures.
Mango Diseases: Identification and Control
Anthracnose Powdery Mildew
• Caused by _Colletotrichum gloeosporioides_. Caused by _Oidium mangiferae_. White powdery fungal
• Symptoms include black sunken lesions on fruits, growth on leaves, flowers, and young fruits. Sulfur-based
leaves, and flowers. fungicides and pruning infected parts are effective.

• Control measures include fungicides and proper sanitation.

Mango Diseases: Identification and Control
(Continued)
Mango Malformation Disease Bacterial Canker
• Caused by _Fusarium spp_. • Caused by _Xanthomonas campestris pv.
• Deformed flowers and vegetative growth, leading to mangiferaeindicae_.
reduced yield. • Dark water-soaked lesions with gum exudation on
• Prune affected branches and burn them to prevent spread. stems and leaves.
• Copper-based bactericides and resistant varieties help.
Black Sooty Mold

• Caused by _Capnodium spp_.

• Black sooty fungal growth on leaves and fruits.
• Manage pest infestation and wash affected leaves to control it.
Mango Pests:
Identification and
Management
Mango Hopper Fruit Fly (Bactrocera
(Idioscopus spp) dorsalis)
Sucks sap from leaves and flowers, Larvae feed inside the fruit, making
causing fruit drop. Control using it unfit for consumption. Use
neem-based insecticides and sticky pheromone traps and remove
traps. infested fruits.
Mealybugs (Drosicha Stem Borer (Batocera
mangiferae) rufomaculata)
Suck plant sap, leading to wilting Larvae tunnel into stems,
and black sooty mold growth. weakening the tree.
Spray insecticides and encourage
Inject insecticides into boreholes
natural predators.
and remove infected branches.
 Mango Physiological Disorders:
Understanding and Mitigation
Physiological disorders in mango are caused by environmental factors, nutrient imbalances, or improper cultural practices
rather than pathogens or pests. Here are some common physiological disorders in mango:
1. Spongy Tissue 2. Black Tip
 Symptoms: Soft, uneven ripening with spongy, unpalatable pulp  Symptoms: Blackening of the fruit tip, leading to fruit drop.
in the fruit.
 Causes: Sulfur dioxide pollution from brick kilns, high chloride
 Causes: High temperature, low calcium, and poor post-harvest levels in irrigation water.
handling.
 Control: Avoid planting near brick kilns, use chloride-free water,
 Control: Proper irrigation, balanced fertilization, and careful and spray borax (0.6%).
fruit handling.
3. Clustering (Jhumka) Disorder
 Symptoms: Fruit clusters at the tip of panicles remain small and fail to
develop properly.
 Causes: Hormonal imbalance, poor fruit set due to low nutrition or water
stress.
 Control: Spray NAA (20 ppm) and ensure proper irrigation and nutrient
supply.

4. Fruit Drop
 Symptoms: Shedding of immature fruits at different growth stages.
 Causes: Poor pollination, hormonal imbalance, water stress, or nutrient
deficiencies.
 Control: Use growth regulators (NAA 20-30 ppm), ensure adequate
irrigation, and apply balanced fertilizers.
5. Soft Nose
 Symptoms: Softening and internal breakdown of the fruit’s lower part.
 Causes: Calcium deficiency and irregular moisture supply.
 Control: Calcium-rich fertilizers and proper irrigation management.

6. Mango Necrosis
 Symptoms: Browning and necrosis of leaf tips and margins.
 Causes: Boron deficiency or high salinity in soil.
 Control: Use boron fertilizers (Borax 0.25%) and manage soil salinity.

7. Bark Cracking
 Symptoms: Splitting or cracking of bark, leading to branch drying.
 Causes: Sudden temperature changes, drought stress, or excessive
pruning.
 Control: Avoid heavy pruning, maintain proper irrigation, and apply
mulches.
 Harvest, Post-Harvest Treatment, and Storage

Harvest Season Post-Harvest Treatment Storage Conditions

Mangoes are typically Dipping mangoes in hot water Under ambient conditions,
harvested from March to and applying plant wax helps mangoes can be stored for 5-7
June, with yields ranging from reduce anthracnose disease days. Storage life can be
8-10 t/ha in younger trees and during storage. extended to 4-7 weeks at
15-20 t/ha in mature trees. 5.6°C to 7.2°C and 85-90% RH.