CLIMATE CHANGE AND
DEVELOPMENT
PEMBANGUNAN DAN
PERUBAHAN IKLIM
Introduction
CLIMATE CHANGE
Theterm ‘climate change’ refers to change in the
longer term pattern of behaviour of the atmosphere
over millennia or, more recently, as a result of natural
processes or human activity
The most important variables that make up the climate
are temperature, precipitation (rainfall, snow, hail),
wind direction and speed, atmospheric pressure,
humidity, the nature and extent of clouds, and hours
and intensity of sunlight
Global warming or climate
change?
The terms global warming and climate change sometimes appear to
be used interchangeably
Strictly speaking, global warming is just one aspect of climate
change, and is indeed an important driver of climate change
Apparently small increases in average global temperatures can lead
to very large changes in other aspects of local and global climates
Changes in these other aspects of the climate — in averages in
precipitation, winds, clouds, humidity, and in temporal and spatial
variation and variability — may then have multiple impacts
Since global warming may also be accompanied by local or
temporary falls in average temperature, the term climate change is
a more accurate description of the problem the world faces
The terms global warming and climate change sometimes appear
to be used interchangeably
Weather: The state of the
atmosphere at a particular place and Climate Change: The significant
time as regards heat, cloudiness, change in the measures of 5
dryness, sunshine, wind, rain climate, lasting for an extended
period of time.
Climate:
• Long Term - Wide Area Global Warming: The recent and
• Seasonal Changes ongoing global average increase
• Measured over long spans of time in temperature near the Earths
surface.
Greenhouse Gases: Any gas that
DEFI absorbs infrared radiation in the Climate Disruption: The
NITI atmosphere. CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, summary of unwanted and
ON CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 unnatural change in climate.
Mitigation Actions: Human
Adaptation Actions: Adjustment
interventions to reduce the human
in natural or human systems in
impact on the climate system; they
response to actual or expected
include strategies to reduce
climatic stimuli or their effects,
greenhouse gas sources and
which moderates harm or exploits
emissions and enhancing
beneficial opportunities.
greenhouse gas sinks.
Resilience: A capability to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and
recover from significant multi-hazard threats with minimum damage to
social well-being, the economy, and the environment.
RESILIENCE
6
Anticipate Prepare for Respond to Recover
Developing strategies,
Foreseeing the Executing planned strategies in the
policies, and infrastructure to Restore and
potential impacts aftermath of climate-related events to
mitigate risks and enhance rebuilt
and challenges minimize damage and support recovery
resilience.
posed by future
climate-related
events. Implementing strategies, policies,
and infrastructure to mitigate Effective responses are crucial for addressing the
risks and enhance resilience immediate and long-term impacts, ensuring
communities can bounce back from climate-related
disturbances
Understanding the
potential impacts Preparation involves adapting
and challenges systems to withstand and recover
posed by future from climate-related hazards,
climate-related reducing vulnerability
events.
Anticipation helps in
proactive planning
and risk assessment
Enabling timely and effective
response strategies
Greenhouse Gases
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karbondioksida (CO2)
metana (CH4)
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nitrogen oksida or nitrous oxide (N2O)
hidrofluorokarbon (HFCs)
perfluorokarbon (PFCs)
sulfurheksafluorida (SF6)
Terkadang keenam jenis GRK ini cukup disebut sebagai karbon) sebagai
komoditas perdagangan baru dalam satuan setara-ton-CO2 (tCO2)
Climate change impacts
It is now widely accepted that human activities, such as burning fossil fuels
for energy, transport and industry, along with forest clearance and livestock
keeping, are major contributors to the increase in average global
temperatures.
The expected temperature increases lead to very significant impacts on
water supply and availability, on the integrity of ecosystems, on food
production, on coastal areas and those living there, and on human health.
There will also be ‘singular events’: structural and, in the medium term,
irreversible changes in the behaviour of the ocean and climate system with
major impacts on the climate
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These impacts will affect the basic needs of life – food, water,
shelter, health – for billions of people and, often, it will be
poorer people living in poorer countries who will be the most
affected.
This raises profound ethical and justice issues, since these
people have generally
made the lowest contribution to the causes of global climate
change (the emission of GHGs), and
their lack of resources means that they are the least able to
combat the impacts of climate change
Development challenges
11
What is development?
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We can think about development in terms of two major (and interrelated)
dimensions:
The first dimension makes a distinction between development goals and development
processes.
The second dimension distinguishes between the core concerns of development, identified
here as economic and human development
Our understanding of development is often affected by our background – our culture
and personal history, as well as our professional education, training and experience.
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Sustainable development 13
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There are no clear and agreed definitions of sustainability and
sustainable development. It is helpful to identify three dimensions of
sustainability and hence of sustainable development
1. Environmental sustainability describes the ability of environmental
resources to support an activity or set of activities
2. Economic sustainability describes the ability of an activity or set of
activities to yield economic benefits greater than economic costs.
3. Social sustainability describes the ability of social structures and/or
behaviour to support an activity without being undermined by it
Climate change and 14
development interactions
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There are two ways in which our separate examinations of climate
change and development suggest that the major global challenges
of climate change and development interact.
a. first, climate change impacts most heavily on poor and
vulnerable people, and is therefore likely to set back
development gains made in the past.
b. Second, climate change poses a threat to sustainable
development
When Climate Adaptation Intervention Risks 15
Further Marginalization
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The crux of the issue lies in the fact that “the existing structure for
adaptation projects frequently focuses on the impacts of climate change
rather than [on] the root causes of vulnerability,”
Adaptation efforts might seek to address effects such as sea level rise,
for instance, while failing to fully address social issues that create
vulnerability, such as adequate access to education, job opportunities,
housing, and health care.
The country will fail to succeed in its climate efforts without partnership
assistance, capacity‑building, technology transfer and financial support.
SUPPORT FUNDING 16
Itis absolutely essential that there is more
adaptation funding
It’sa social justice issue…rich countries which have
emitted the most [greenhouse gases] are the least
affected and the ones which are most affected are
the ones which have emitted the least [greenhouse
gases]
United States
Climate Finance Pledge: The U.S. has pledged to contribute
$11.4 billion annually by 2024 to climate finance for
developing countries.
Percentage of Global Climate Finance: The U.S. is expected to
contribute roughly 20-25% of the total $100 billion annual goal
set by developed countries under the Paris Agreement.
Historical Context: As the largest historical emitter and one of
the wealthiest nations, the U.S. is expected to contribute a
significant share, though critics argue it should contribute
more.
China
• Climate Finance Pledge: China, as a developing country, is not
obligated to contribute to the 100 billion climate finance goal under
the Paris Agreement. However, it has pledged 3.1 billion (as of
2021) to support other developing countries through its own
initiatives, such as the South-South Climate Cooperation Fund.
• Percentage of Global Climate Finance: China's contribution is
relatively small compared to developed nations, accounting for
about 3% of the $100 billion goal.
• Role: While China is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse
gases today, it is still classified as a developing country and
focuses more on domestic climate action and bilateral support.
India
Climate Finance Pledge: India, also a developing country, is not required to contribute
to the $100 billion climate finance goal. Instead, it is a recipient of climate finance to
support its mitigation and adaptation efforts.
Percentage of Global Climate Finance: India does not contribute financially to the global
climate finance pool but has called for developed countries to meet their $100 billion
commitment.
Domestic Efforts: India has invested heavily in renewable energy and has set ambitious
targets, such as achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
Russia
Climate Finance Pledge: Russia has made minimal
contributions to international climate finance. It is not a
significant donor to the $100 billion goal.
Percentage of Global Climate Finance: Russia's contribution is
negligible, likely less than 1% of the total.
Role:
Russia has been criticized for its lack of ambition in
climate action and its reliance on fossil fuel exports.
Japan
Climate Finance Pledge: Japan is one of the largest
contributors to climate finance, pledging approximately $10-
15 billion annually in recent years.
Percentage of Global Climate Finance: Japan contributes about
10-15% of the $100 billion goal, making it one of the top
contributors among developed nations.
Focus:Japan supports climate projects in developing countries,
particularly in Asia, through initiatives like the Joint Credit
Mechanism (JCM).
Annual Percentage of
Country Contribution $100 Billion Notes
(USD) Goal
$11.4 billion (by Largest contributor among developed
USA 20-25%
2024) nations.
Voluntary contributions through South-
China $3.1 billion ~3%
South cooperation.
Recipient, not contributor, to climate
India N/A N/A
finance.
Negligible contributions to global
Russia Minimal <1%
climate finance.
One of the top contributors among
Japan $10-15 billion 10-15%
developed nations.
Key Points
• Developed countries like the U.S. and Japan are the primary
contributors to the $100 billion climate finance goal, with the U.S.
contributing the largest share.
• China and India, as developing countries, are not obligated to
contribute but have made voluntary commitments (China) or are
recipients of climate finance (India).
• Russia has played a minimal role in global climate finance efforts.
The $100 billion goal is a collective commitment from developed
countries, and while progress has been made, it has not yet been
fully met. Developing countries continue to call for increased and
more predictable funding to support their climate actions.
Facts 24
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References
25
The further readings listed below will be useful for the whole module.
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IPCC. (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and
New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.
Available from: [Link] and [Link]
An overview of the latest 2013/2014 findings on climate change — the physical science
— by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The ‘summary for
policymakers’ is a Key Reading for some units.
Available from: [Link]
Bonus demografi: [Link]
demografi
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IPCC. (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva, Switzerland. [Field,
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C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M.
Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S.
MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge and New York, 1132 pp.
Available from: [Link]
An overview of the latest 2014 findings on climate change – impacts, adaptation and
vulnerability – by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Please
read at least the summary for policymakers:
Available from: [Link]
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Thank you
Singular events 29
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Singular events in the behavior of the ocean and climate system
refer to critical, abrupt, and often irreversible changes that can
drastically alter the Earth's climate and oceanic processes. These
events are typically triggered when certain thresholds or "tipping
points" are crossed due to ongoing climate change
Singular events 30
Characteristics of Singular Events
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Abrupt and Nonlinear: These changes occur suddenly and are not
gradual, often accelerating once a tipping point is reached.
Irreversible in the Medium Term: Once triggered, these changes cannot
be easily reversed within decades or even centuries.
Cascading Effects: Singular events can trigger a chain reaction of
additional changes in the climate system, amplifying their impacts.
Global Consequences: Their effects are not localized; they can disrupt
weather patterns, ecosystems, and human societies worldwide.
Examples of Singular Events in the Ocean and 31
Climate System
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A. Collapse of Major Ice Sheets
Behavior: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets could reach a
point of irreversible melting due to warming temperatures. This
would lead to massive sea-level rise.
Impact: Coastal cities and islands could be submerged, displacing
millions of people and causing economic and ecological
devastation.
Examples of Singular Events in the Ocean and 32
Climate System
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B. Disruption of Ocean Currents (e.g., AMOC Collapse)
Behavior: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC),
which includes the Gulf Stream, could weaken or collapse due to
freshwater input from melting ice and warming oceans.
Impact: This would disrupt global weather patterns, leading to
extreme cold in Europe, altered monsoon systems in Asia and
Africa, and intensified storms in the North Atlantic.
Examples of Singular Events in the Ocean and 33
Climate System
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C. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reef Die-Off
Behavior: Increased CO2 absorption by oceans leads to
acidification, which can cause the collapse of coral reef
ecosystems.
Impact: Loss of biodiversity, fisheries collapse, and reduced
coastal protection from storms.
Examples of Singular Events in the Ocean and 34
Climate System
D. Permafrost Thaw and Methane Release
Behavior: Thawing of Arctic permafrost could release large amounts of methane, a
potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.
Impact: Accelerated global warming, further destabilizing the climate system.
E. Shifts in Monsoon Patterns
Behavior: Climate change could alter the timing, intensity, and geographic distribution
of monsoon rains.
Impact: Severe droughts or floods in regions dependent on monsoons for agriculture,
leading to food and water insecurity.
Examples of Singular Events in the Ocean and 35
Climate System
F. Dieback of the Amazon Rainforest
Behavior: Deforestation and climate change could push the Amazon rainforest
past a tipping point, turning it into a savanna-like ecosystem.
Impact: Loss of biodiversity, reduced carbon sequestration, and disruption of
regional and global weather patterns.
Why Singular Events Are Concerning 36
Unpredictability: While scientists can identify potential tipping points, the exact
timing and triggers of these events are difficult to predict.
Irreversibility: Once these changes occur, they cannot be undone within human
timescales, making prevention critical.
Global Interconnectedness: The Earth's climate and ocean systems are deeply
interconnected, meaning a singular event in one region can have cascading
effects worldwide.
Mitigation and Adaptation 37
Mitigation: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to prevent crossing
tipping points that trigger singular events.
Adaptation: Preparing for the potential impacts of these events, such as
building resilient infrastructure and protecting ecosystems, is essential.
Tugas 38
1. Environmental sustainability
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2. Economic sustainability
3. Social sustainability
• Key principles
• Example in practice
• Challenges
• Importance
• Strategy to achieve
Tugas 39
VOSview
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