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TE 2 Pulse Modulation Part 2

The document discusses pulse modulation in telecommunications engineering, focusing on quantization, companding, and delta modulation techniques. It explains the process of quantization, including the calculation of required intervals and bits, as well as the benefits of companding for signal distribution. Additionally, it covers delta modulation and adaptive delta modulation, highlighting their simpler circuitry and reduced quantization error compared to PCM.

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11 views11 pages

TE 2 Pulse Modulation Part 2

The document discusses pulse modulation in telecommunications engineering, focusing on quantization, companding, and delta modulation techniques. It explains the process of quantization, including the calculation of required intervals and bits, as well as the benefits of companding for signal distribution. Additionally, it covers delta modulation and adaptive delta modulation, highlighting their simpler circuitry and reduced quantization error compared to PCM.

Uploaded by

salman.zishan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TELECOMMUNICATIO

NS ENGINEERING

Pulse Modulation
Part 2
INSTRUCTOR

MD. MAMUNUR RASHID


TONMOY
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
Quantization

 Example: A sine wave with a 1-V maximum amplitude is to be digitized with a


minimum SQR of 30 dB. How many uniformly spaced quantization intervals are
needed, and how many bits are needed to encode each sample?

 Solution: Using Equation:


SQR = 7.78 + 20 log10 (Vm / S) Given,
The maximum size of a quantization interval is SQR = 30 dB
determined as: Vm = 1-V
S = (1) 10 –(30-7.78)/20
= 0.078 V

Thus 13 quantization intervals are needed for each polarity for a total of 26 intervals in
all. The number of bits required to encode each sample is determined as:
N = log2 (26) = 4.7 = 5 bits per sample
Uniform vs Non-
Uniform
Quantization
Companding

 An alternative is to first pass the speech signal through a nonlinearity before


quantizing with a uniform quantizer.
 The nonlinearity causes the signal amplitude to be Compressed.
 The input to the quantizer will have a more uniform distribution.
 At the receiver, the signal is Expanded by an inverse to the nonlinearity to avoid
signal distortion. .
 The process of compressing and expanding is called Companding.

Compression + Expansion Companding

y C (x ) x̂
x (t ) y (t ) yˆ (t ) xˆ (t )

x ŷ
Compress Uniform Qauntize Expand
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Companding
Delta Modulation

 A method for converting analog signals to a string of binary digit that requires
much simpler circuitry than PCM.

 An analog waveform is tracked, using a binary 1 to represent a rise in voltage,


and a 0 to represent a drop.

 Transmits only one bit per sample.

 The Present sample value is compared with the previous sample value and this
result, whether the value is increased or decreased, is transmitted.
Delta Modulation

Delta modulation components (transmitter)

converts the difference between the comparator referenced to 0 (two levels


input signal and the average of the quantizer), whose output is 1 or 0 if the
previous steps. input signal is positive or negative.
+Δ

+ -Δ

Previous comparator output integrat


or
Delta Modulation

Delta demodulation components (receiver)

The demodulator is simply an integrator (like the one in


the feedback loop) whose output rises or falls with each
1 or 0 received. The integrator itself constitutes a low-
pass filter
Delta Modulation
Adaptive Delta
Modulation

 Adaptive DM:

A better performance can be achieved if the value of δ is not fixed. In adaptive delta
modulation, the value of δ changes according to the amplitude of the analog
signal.

 Quantization Error:

It is obvious that DM is not perfect. Quantization error is always introduced in the


process. The quantization error of DM, however, is much less than that for PCM.
END

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