Animal Nutrition
Nutrition is the set of processes used by an organism
to provide itself with food and convert the food
molecules into a form that can be used by the
organism.
Human Digestive System
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Digestion of Fats, Proteins and Carbohydrates
Fats Proteins
1. Teeth break down large 1. Teeth break down
pieces of food. large pieces of food.
2. Bile breaks large drops 2. Water in digestive
of fat into fat droplets. juices dissolves some
3. Fat molecules formed food.
are broken down by 3.Protein molecules are
Lipase into fatty acids and broken down by
Glycerol. Protease into
polypeptide molecules.
Peptidase break
polypeptides to Amino
Acids.
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Digestion in Humans
• Alimentary Canal is a long tube • Oseophagus-Its along tube that
running from mouth to the anus. It runs from mouth to the stomach
is a part of digestive system. and carries the food to the
stomach.
The entrance to the stomach from
• Peristalsis- Wall of the alimentary
the oesophagus is guarded by a
canal contains muscles which
ring of muscle called as Sphincter.
contract and relax to make food
This muscle relaxes to let the food
move along. This movement is k/As
pass into the stomach. If acid from
peristalsis.
the stomach gets in here that’s
heartburn.
• Mouth-Teeth mechanically break
down food into small pieces.
Tongue mixes food with saliva
(contains amylase, which helps
break down starch) and forms it
into a bolus.
• Saliva- Water + Mucus and
Amylase 8
Why should local environments for digestion be so
variable?
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Small Intestine
•The small intestine consists of three parts. The
first part, called the duodenum, connects to the
stomach. The middle part is the jejunum. The
third part, called the ileum, attaches to the colon.
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Digestion of Food in Small Intestine
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Significance of Villii
Villi are finger like projections that increase the surface
area for absorption. If a section of small intestine was
turned inside out, its surface would be like a carpet.
Inside each villus are:
- Blood capillaries: absorb amino acids and glucose.
- Lacteals (vessels of small intestine): absorb fatty
acids and glycerol.
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Absorption
Digestion is completed in the small intestine. By now, most
carbohydrates have been broken down to simple sugar, proteins
to amino acids, and fats to fatty acids and glycerol. These
molecules are small enough to pass through the wall of the small
intestine and into the blood. This is called absorption.
The small intestine is especially adapted to allow absorption to
take place very efficiently. Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small intestine walls.
Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi, to
increase surface area. The villi are covered in microvilli which
further increases surface area for absorption.
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Assimilation
•After the nutrients are absorbed into the
blood, they are taken to the liver.
•The dissolved nutrients are then taken to
other parts of the body where they are
assimilated as part of a cell.
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1. Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in
your gallbladder.
gallstones are made of calcium salts and bilirubin.
If gallstones block your bile ducts, bile could build up in your
gallbladder, causing a gallbladder attack, sometimes called biliary
colic. Gallbladder attacks usually cause pain in your upper right
abdomen, sometimes lasting several hours.
2. Peptic ulcers are holes or breaks in the protective lining of the
duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine) or the stomach --
areas that come into contact with stomach acids and enzymes ...
Some ulcers can cause a hole in the stomach wall.
3. Chrohn’s Disease is an inflammatory disorder that primarily affects
the small intestine; it may also damage the large intestine and any
other part of the digestive system.
4. Diarrohea-
5. Constipation- Having diet rich in Fibre 29
Treatment Options-
1. Change of diet-
2. Antidepressants-to relieve stress, so as to improve digestive issues
3. Endoscopy-Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a
person's digestive tract. Using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light
and camera attached to it.
4. Surgery-
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Question Bank
•What is digestion?
•What does digestion change these into-
Polysaccharides, Proteins, And Fats ?
•What is meant by chemical digestion?
•What is coronary heart disease?
•What is the role of fibre in the diet?
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Prerequisite Knowledge:
a) Basic understanding that food goes in our mouths, is processed within our bodies, and out our anus
b) Understanding that the basic function of the digestive system is to extract nutrients from our food
c) The names of some of the primary organs involved in digestive process.
d) Homeostasis
Concept Covered in Activity:
The digestive system allows us to utilize the nutrients found in our food.
Performance Objectives (consider multiple levels of Blooms):
SWBAT:
1. Name the steps of the digestive process
2. Identify the function of each primary and secondary organ involved in digestion
3. Describe how the form reflects the function of the organs
4. Identify the essential nutrients found in food (water, fat, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins)
5. Explain where each nutrient is absorbed by the body
6. Explain why eating disorders are harmful to health
7. Describe the pathology of stomach ulcers
8. Write a story about a food item’s passage through the digestive tract
Mouth and Esophagus
Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion. The mouth primarily functions in
mechanical/chemical digestion.
What is the function of amylase? Where is it found? What type of digestion does it participate in?
Name two protective functions of the mouth and throat.
What is another name for the clump of food that is pushed down the throat?
True or false: The esophagus contains muscle.
What force moves the food through the esophagus towards the stomach?
Explain what it is meant by food “going down the wrong pipe.” What structure prevents this from
happening?
Stomach
What type of digestion does the stomach participate in?
What is absorbed in the stomach?
The stomach is very acidic/basic.
Name the function of pepsin.
Summarize how peptic ulcers are formed and include the name of the organism that plays a role in the
infection.
When the food contents are of an oatmeal-like consistence, _________ is spurted into the small
intestine.
Small Intestine and Accessory Organs
What is digested in the small intestine?
How does the form of the small intestine reflect its function? Think about those infoldings of villi and
microvilli....
What three accessory organs play a role at this part in digestion?
Name three functions of the pancreas. Based on what you learned yesterday about the other organ
systems, what other organ system is the pancreas a part of?
What does the liver produce that helps with digestion of fats? Where is it stored?
Define detergent. How does this term relate to bile?
What foods would a person without a gall bladder need to avoid? Why?
Large intestine
Which is longer, the small or large intestine?
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Blast from the past: There are lots of bacterial colonies present within the large intestine. What type
of symbiotic relationship do humans have with these colonies? Explain your answer
What is the next stop for the contents of the large intestine?
digestion of carbohydrates by symbiotic bacteria +
formation and storage of faeces.
The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle
layers of the small intestine mixes the food with
enzymes and moves it along the gut
What is peristalsis and what do the muscle layers
do? What is the purpose of peristalsis?
Circular + Longitudinal muscle in the wall of gut =
smooth muscle consisting of relatively short cells which
exert continuous moderate force with some more
vigorous contractions - doesn't remain relaxed.
- Waves of muscle contraction = peristalsis contract
circular muscles behind food preventing it being
pushed back to the mouth + Longitudinal contractions
where the food is located moves it along. *
Contractions controlled unconsciously by enteric
nervous system
- Peristalsis occurs in one direction, when puking
occurs, abdominal muscles used
Contents of pancreatic juice:
Amylase to digest starch
Lipases to digest triglycerides and phospholipids
Proteases to digest protein and peptides
Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into
monomers in the small intestine
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