Angular motion-Torque

L.Msonthe

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Angular motion
• Is motion of an object in a circular path
• Displacement moved by an object forms an arc on the circle.
• The arc is subtended by an angle at the centre
• Arc length is proportional to angle turned

• r is constant

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Angular measure
• Is measure of angular displacement.
• Angular measure- SI unit is radians

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Degrees to radians
• 180

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Example
A. Express
B. Express 1.7 rad in degrees

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example
• A wheel has radius of 250mm. Through what arc does a point on the
circumference of a wheel move when the wheel turns through an
angle of 125

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solution

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example
• A wheel having a diameter of 800mm, without slipping along a level
floor.
• a) through what horizontal distance has the centre of the wheel
moved when the wheel has turned through an angle of 5 rad?
• b) Through what angle has the wheel turned when its centre moves
through a horizontal distance of 1 m.

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solution
• A wheel having a diameter of 800mm, without slipping along a level
floor.
• a) through what horizontal distance has the centre of the wheel
moved when the wheel has turned through an angle of 5 rad?

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solution
• b) Through what angle has the wheel turned when its centre moves
through a horizontal distance of 1 m.

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Angular Velocity
• Is the rate of change of angular displacement.
• Average

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Angular velocity

• Note : however, sometimes angular velocity is confused with average

angular velocity.

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Example
• Convert n rev/min to rad/s
• Convert n rev/s to rad/s

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solution

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Example
• Express a speed of

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solution

• rad/s

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Express a speed of 25rad/s in rev/s

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example
• In an experiment, the time for a wheel to make 25 complete
revolutions was found to be 14s. Find the rotational speed of the
wheel in rad/s. what will be the angle turned through in 5s?

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solution
• Rotational speed=

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solution
• Angle turned:

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Relationship between angular
velocity and linear velocity

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Example
• A point moves with a constant angular velocity 20rad/s in a circular
path of radius 0.25m. What is its linear velocity?

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solution

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Example
• A car is driven round a corner at 50km/h. if the radius of the corner is
30m, what is the angular velocity of the car as it goes round the
corner?

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solution

• =0.463rad/s

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Example
• The wheels of a car are 0.6m in diameter. What is the angular velocity
of the wheels when the car is travelling at 100km/h?

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solution

• r=0.3

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solution

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Angular acceleration
• Is the rate of change of angular velocity

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Average angular acceleration

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Equations of angular motion
• DO you remember the equations of linear motion?
• Equations of angular motion

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Rotational Motion
Generally equations of linear and angular motions are identical. Equations for angular
motion are derived in the same manner as those for linear motion.

Translational or linear Rotational or angular or circular

v u  at  2 1  t
s ½(u  v)t  = ½( 1 + 2)t
s ut  ½at 2  = t + ½ t2
v 2 u 2  2as 22 = 12 + 2

Where: s = linear displacement (m)  = angular displacement (rad)

u = initial linear velocity (ms-1) 1 = initial angular velocity (rad-1) v = final
linear velocity (ms-1) 2 = final angular velocity (rad-1) a = linear
acceleration (m-2)  = angular acceleration (rads-2)

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Example
• Suppose a teenager puts her bicycle on its back and starts the rear
wheel spinning from rest to a final angular velocity of 250 rpm in 5.00
s. (a) Calculate the angular acceleration inrad/s2.rad/s2.(b) If she now
slams on the brakes, causing an angular acceleration of−87.3 rad/s2,
how long does it take the wheel to stop?

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solution

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solution

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Example
• A grinding wheel of diameter 20 cm and rotating at 47.75 rev/min
accelerates uniformly at 0.5 rads-2 for 30 s. Find:
1. The final angular velocity
2. The final peripheral (circumferential) speed
3. The angle turned through by the wheel during this time.

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solution

Solution
(a) 2 = 1 + t = 5 + (0.5  30) = 20 rads-1
(b) v = r  = 0.2  20 = 4ms-1
(c)  = ½(1 + 2)t = ½(5 + 20)  30 = 375 rad

Alternatively,  = 1t + ½t2 = (5  30) + (½  0.5  302) = 375 rad

Linear speed for angular motion is also known as tangential or peripheral or

circumferential speed.

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Relationship between linear and
angular acceleration.

Conclusion: Linear acceleration is directly proportional

to angular acceleration given that radius is kept
constant.

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Rotational Acceleration.
• These equations mean that linear acceleration and angular
acceleration are directly proportional.
• The greater the angular acceleration is, the larger the linear
(tangential) acceleration is, and vice versa.
• For example, the greater the angular acceleration of a car’s drive
wheels, the greater the acceleration of the car.
• The radius also matters. For example, the smaller a wheel, the smaller
its linear acceleration for a given angular accelerationα

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Example 2: Calculating the Angular
Acceleration of a Motorcycle Wheel
• A powerful motorcycle can accelerate from 0 to 30.0 m/s (about 108
km/h) in 4.20 s. What is the angular acceleration of its 0.320-m-radius
wheels? (See Figure 4.)

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solution
• a= 7.14m/s/s
• 22.3 rad/s/s

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Practice Questions
• 1: At its peak, a tornado is 60.0 m in diameter and carries 500 km/h winds. What is its angular
velocity in revolutions per second?
• 2: An ultracentrifuge accelerates from rest to 100,000 rpm in 2.00 min. (a) What is its angular
acceleration inrad/s2? (b) What is the tangential acceleration of a point 9.50 cm from the axis
of rotation? (c) What is the radial acceleration in m/s2 and multiples of g this point at full rpm?
• 3: You have a grindstone (a disk) that is 90.0 kg, has a 0.340-m radius, and is turning at 90.0
rpm, and you press a steel axe against it with a radial force of 20.0 N. (a) Assuming the kinetic
coefficient of friction between steel and stone is 0.20, calculate the angular acceleration of the
grindstone. (b) How many turns will the stone make before coming to rest?
• 4: You are told that a basketball player spins the ball with an angular acceleration
of100 rad/s2.100 rad/s2.(a) What is the ball’s final angular velocity if the ball starts from rest
and the acceleration lasts 2.00 s? (b) What is unreasonable about the result? (c) Which premises
are unreasonable or inconsistent?

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torque
• Turning effect of a force about a pivot.
• Torque is applied in
• Tightening a nut
• Starting a handle of car
• Turning wheels on a bicycle
• Cause a shaft to rotate in kits bearings

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Torque
• Torque=

• Recall, workdone= Force

• Work is done when a key of a clock is turned

• As the torque is applied to the key is moved through an angle as the
key turns.

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Torque and workdone
• Suppose F is applied at right angles to a radius r, centre O, as shown in
diagram.

• For example, as when a spanner is used to tighten a nut, when O

would represent the centre of the bolt.
• Then, if the whole system does not move in the line of action F, an
equal and opposite reaction force is set up at O, as shown.

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• These two forces then set up a couple of turning moment, or torque,
equal to Fr
• Suppose the radius turns through an angle
• The reaction at O, will move through the same angle
• The force F therefore moves through a total distance equal to the arc
length
• So that the work done by the force F is :

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workdone
• Workdone=force

• If the torque is measured in Nm, the work done will be measured in

Nm; i.e. joules.
• In each case, the angle must be measured in radians.

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Examples
• Find the work done when a torque of 30Nm is applied to tighten
down a nut by turning it through an angle 240

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spolution
• Workdone=
•=

• Where did 4.19 rad come from?

• Some of this work will be converted to strain energy in the nut and
bolt and some will be converted to heat energy against friction force.

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Examp[le
• A pulley having a diameter of 200mm is driven by a belt. If the
effective belt tension tending to turn the pulley is 250N, find the work
done per revolution.

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solution
• T=Fr

• Explain the answer

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example
• A shaft rotates in a cylindrical bearing. The diameter of the shaft is
40mm, and the load acting vertically downwards on the shaft at the
bearing is 2.5kN. If the coefficient of friction between the shaft and
bearing is 0.05, find the work done against friction.

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solution
• Tangential frictional force opposing the rotation

• This will set up an opposing frictional torque=Fr

• But wotkdone

• This work done will be convertedto heat energy in the bearing.

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example
• The torque on the coil of an electrical instrument is 0.003Nm. Find
the workdone if the coil is deflected through 60.

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Solution(paiwork)
• 0.00315J

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Angular acceleration
• Is rate of change of angular velocity

• Measued in

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RELAATIONSHIP BETWEEN
TANGETIAL ACCELERATION AND
ANGULAR ACCELRATION
• RECALL:
• But and
• Thus

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 Centripetal Acceleration
• The acceleration of an object moving in a circle points toward the
center of the circle.
• This is called a centripetal (center pointing) acceleration.

a
 Centripetal Acceleration
• The centripetal acceleration depends on:
• The speed of the object.
• The radius of the circle.

Acent =
v2
r
 Centripetal Force
• Newton’s Second Law says that if an object is accelerating, there must
be a net force on it.
• For an object moving in a circle, this is called the centripetal force.
• The centripetal force points toward the center of the circle.
 Centripetal Force
• In order to make an object revolve about an axis, the net force on the
object must pull it toward the center of the circle.
• This force is called a centripetal (center seeking) force.

Fnet
 Centripetal Force
• Centripetal force on an object depends on:
• The object’s mass - more mass means more force.
• The object’s speed - more speed means more force.
• And…
 Centripetal Force
• The centripetal force on an object also depends on:
• The object’s distance from the axis (radius).
• If linear velocity is held constant, more distance requires less force.
• If rotational velocity is held constant, more distance requires more force.
 Centripetal Force
• In symbols:

mv2 = mrw2
Fcent=
r
 Work Done by the Centripetal Force
• Since the centripetal force on an object is always perpendicular to the
object’s velocity, the centripetal force never does work on the object -
no energy is transformed.

Fcent
v
 “Centrifugal Force”
• “Centrifugal force” is a fictitious force - it is not an interaction
between 2 objects, and therefore not a real force.
• Nothing pulls an object away from the center of the circle.
 “Centrifugal Force”
• What is erroneously attributed to “centrifugal force” is actually the
action of the object’s inertia - whatever velocity it has (speed +
direction) it wants to keep.
Centripetal force
• Is the force towards the center of a rotating object.

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Centripetal force

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Centripetal acceleration
• Acceleration due to centripetal force towards centre of a rotating
object

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Centripetal acceleration

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Centripetal acceleration

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centripetal force

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Derive the formula for centripetal
force

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Centripetal force

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Centripetal Force

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Centripetal force

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The centrifugal Force

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Centripetal Force

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Example

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solution

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solution

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solution

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example
• Given that the diameter of a lathe wheel is 400cm at 3m/s. find the
centrifugal force and the centripetal ACCELERATION.
• HENCE FIND CENTRIPETAL FORCE AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.

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example
• If an object with diameter 10mm makes 200revolutions in 2minutes.
find the centrifugal force and the centripetal ACCELERATION.
• HENCE FIND CENTRIPETAL FORCE AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.

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 END OF SLIDES
THANK YOU

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