Module 3: Part III
MULTIPLE ACCESS
Outline
• Three Categories
• Random Access Protocols
• Controlled Access Protocols
• Channelization Protocols
Multiple Access
In data link control protocols, dedicated
link between the sender and receiver.
Data link layer divided into two
functionality-oriented sublayers
Upper sublayer is responsible for data
link (flow and error) control (Link Layer
Control - LLC).
Lower sublayer is responsible for
resolving access to the shared media
(Medium Access Control - MAC).
Multiple access protocol coordinates to
access the link (media).
Multiple Access Protocols
Multiple Access Protocols
Random Access Controlled Access Channelization
Protocols Protocols Protocols
Aloha Reservation FDMA
CSMA Polling TDMA
CSMA-CD Token Passing CDMA
CSMA-CA
Random Access Protocols
Rules of random access protocol
no station is master to another station
Every station is equal
No station permits, or not permit another station to send.
Instantly, a station that has data to send uses protocol
(decision) on whether or not to send.
Random Access Protocols…
Two features of RAP are
• Transmission is random among stations.
• Stations compete with one another to access the
medium.
Collision:
An access conflict occurs when more than one station
tries to send, the frame is either destroyed or
modified.
Aloha
Developed at the University of Hawaii (US) in early 1970
and designed for wireless LAN, but can be used on any
shared medium.
Original ALOHA protocol is called pure ALOHA
A node sends the frame whenever it has a frame to
send.
Medium is shared between the stations, there is
possibility of collision between frames from different
stations.
Pure Aloha
Aloha…
A collision involves two more stations. If all the
stations try to send their frames after the time-out,
the frames will collide again.
To avoid collision stations will try again in random
period, this time is the back-off time TB.
All frames are of same size.
Time is divided into slots of size L/R seconds time (equal size slots)
L: Bandwidth and R: Time to transmit 1 frame
Start to transmit frames only at beginning of slots
Nodes are synchronized so that each node knows when the slots
Slotted
begin. Aloha
If two or more frames collide in a slot, then all the nodes detect
the collision event before the slot ends.
When node obtains fresh frame, it transmits in next slot
If no collision is detected , node can send new frame in next slot
If collision, node retransmits frame in each subsequent slot with
Slotted Aloha…
prob. p until success
The number of collisions is reduced. Hence, the performance
become much better compared to Pure Aloha.
CSMA – Carrier Sense Multiple Access
To minimize the collision CSMA was
developed, chance of collision was reduced
Station senses the channel before accessing
medium.
The possibility of collision still exists because
of propagation delay
Types of CSMA
1-Persistent Method
Non- Persistent Method
P-Persistent Method
1- Persistent Method
If the channel is idle it sends its frame immediately with probability 1
When two or more stations find the line idle and send their frames
immediately to create collisions
Non-Persistent Method
If the line is idle it sends its frame immediately.
If the line is busy it waits random amount of time and then
senses the line again.
Reduces the collision because it is unlikely that two or more
stations will wait the same amount of time and retry
P-Persistent Method
It applies to slotted channels.
It senses the channel, if it is idle, it
transmits with a probability p.
With a probability q = 1 - p, it
waits for the next slot.
If that slot is idle, it goes to step 1
If the line is busy it act as though
collision has occurred and uses the
back off procedure .
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA-CD)
Abort their transmissions as soon as they detect a collision
Waits a random period of time, and then tries again,
assuming that no other station has started transmitting in the
meantime.
Frame transmission time must be two times the maximum
propagation time: Tfr = 2 × Tp
Energy levels: zero, Normal Abnormal.
Energy Level during transmission, idleness, or collision
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSM
• When there is collision the station receives two signals: its
own and the signal transmitted by a second station.
• In wired network received signal is the same as the sent signal
(Losses are less).
• In wireless network much of the sent energy is lost in
transmission (Transmission Losses).
• Avoid collision on wireless network because they cannot be
detected.
CSMA-CA …
When channel is free waits for period of time
called the interframe space or IFS.
After IFS time the station still waits to a time
equal to the contention time
Contention window is an amount of time divided
into slots.
Timing in CSMA-CA
