Network Layer Design Issues

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 review
ISO/OSI’s network model
How many layers have the OSI’s model divided the network architecture into?

Seven layers

APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
What are they from the bottom to the top? SESSION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL 2
 Description of the network layer
• The network layer is concerned with getting
packets from the source all the way to the
destination.
• To achieve its goals, the network layer must
know about the topology of the communica-
tion subnet and choose appropriate paths th-
rough it. It must also take care to choose routes
to avoid overloading some of the commun-
ication lines and routers while leaving others
idle.
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 Network Layer Design Issues
• Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
• Services Provided to the Transport Layer
• Implementation of Connectionless Service
• Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
• Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Subnets

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 Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
Customer’s equipment

fig 5-1

The environment of the network layer protocols .

• This equipment is used as follows:

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• A host with a packet to send transmits it to the
nearest router, either on its own LAN or over a
point-to-point link to the carrier.

• The packet is stored there until it has fully

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 Services Provided to the Transport Layer
What kind of services the network layer provides to the
transport layer ?
The network layer services have been designed with the
following goals in mind:
• 1. The services should be independent of the subnet
technology.
• 2. The transport layer should be shielded from the
number, type, and topology of the subnets present.
• 3. The network addresses made available to the
transport layer should use a uniform numbering plan,
even across LANs and WANs.

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 One camp’s view
The routers' job is moving packets around and no-thing
else. In their view , the subnet is inherently un-reliable,
no matter how it is designed. Therefore, the hosts
should accept the fact that the network is unreliable
and do error control (i.e., error detection and
correction) and flow control themselves. So the network
service should be connectionless.

The Internet offers connectionless

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 The other camp’s view
The subnet should provide a reliable, connection-
oriented service. In this view, quality of service is the
dominant factor, and without connections in the sub-
net, quality of service is very difficult to achieve,
especially for real-time traffic such as voice and video.

ATM networks offer connection-

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• Two different organizations are possible,
depending on the type of service offered.
• If connectionless service is offered, packets are
injected into the subnet individually and routed
independently of each other. No advance setup is
needed. In this context, the packets are frequently
called datagrams and the subnet is called a
datagram subnet.
• If connection-oriented service is used, a path from
the source router to the destination router must
be established before any data packets can be
sent. This connection is called a VC (virtual circuit)
and the subnet is called a virtual-circuit subnet.

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Implementation of Connectionless Service

ting within a diagram subnet.

The question is: a packet with a destination D arrives at router A. then which router
will router A send this packet to?

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• For connection-oriented service, we need a virtual-
circuit subnet.
• The idea behind virtual circuits is to avoid having to
choose a new route for every packet sent. Instead, when
a connection is established, a route from the source
machine to the destination machine is chosen as part of
the connection setup and stored in tables inside the
routers. That route is used for all traffic flowing over the
connection, exactly the same way that the telephone
system works. When the connection is released, the
virtual circuit is also terminated.
• With connection-oriented service, each packet carries an
identifier telling which virtual circuit it belongs to.

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Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service

outing within a virtual-circuit subnet.

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Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and
Datagram Subnets

5-4

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• The network layer is concerned with
__________ of data.
• a) bits
• b) frames
• c) packets
• d) bytes
• c
• Which one of the following is not a function of
network layer?
• a) routing
• b) inter-networking
• c) congestion control
• d) error control
• d
• A 4 byte IP address consists of __________
• a) only network address
• b) only host address
• c) network address & host address
• d) network address & MAC address
• c
• In virtual circuit network each packet contains
___________
• a) full source and destination address
• b) a short VC number
• c) only source address
• d) only destination address
• b
• Which of the following routing algorithms can
be used for network layer design?
• a) shortest path algorithm
• b) distance vector routing
• c) link state routing
• d) all of the mentioned
• d
• Which of the following is not correct in
relation to multi-destination routing?
• a) is same as broadcast routing
• b) contains the list of all destinations
• c) data is not sent by packets
• d) there are multiple receivers
• c
• A subset of a network that includes all the
routers but contains no loops is called
________
• a) spanning tree
• b) spider structure
• c) spider tree
• d) special tree
• a
• Which one of the following algorithm is not
used for congestion control?
• a) traffic aware routing
• b) admission control
• c) load shedding
• d) routing information protocol
• d
• The network layer protocol for internet is
__________
• a) ethernet
• b) internet protocol
• c) hypertext transfer protocol
• d) file transfer protocol
• b
• ICMP is primarily used for __________
• a) error and diagnostic functions
• b) addressing
• c) forwarding
• d) routing
• a