Hierarchy of Control of hazard

[Link],DD(IH),
CLI,Mumbai
Objectives
Learn to implement systems to eliminate or
prevent hazards.

Learn about different types of hazard

controls:
Preventive maintenance and managing change
Emergency planning, occupational health
programs, and contractor safety
Hazard
A hazard is any source of potential damage,
harm or adverse health effects on something
or someone.
Harm - physical injury or damage to health.
Hazard - a potential source of harm to a
worker.
What are examples of a hazard?
Workplace hazards can come from a wide
range of sources. General examples include
any substance, material, process, practice,
etc. that has the ability to cause harm or
adverse health effect to a person or property.
See Table 1.
Table 1
Examples of Hazards and Their Effects

Example of Harm
Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard
Caused
Thing Knife Cut

Substance Benzene Leukemia

Mycobacterium
Material Tuberculosis
tuberculosis
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution

Condition Wet floor Slips, falls

Process Welding Metal fume fever

Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis

Anxiety, fear,
Behaviour Bullying
depression
 Types of Health Hazards
 Chemical

 Physical

 Biological

 Ergonomic
What is a hazard control program?
A hazard control program consists of all steps
necessary to protect workers from exposure
to a substance or system, the training and the
procedures required to monitor worker
exposure and their health to hazards such as
chemicals, materials or substance, or other
types of hazards such as noise and vibration.
A written workplace hazard control program
should outline which methods are being used
to control the exposure and how these
controls will be monitored for effectiveness.
How do We know what kind of control is needed?
 Selecting an appropriate control is not always easy. It often
involves doing a risk assessment to evaluate and prioritize the
hazards and risks. In addition, both "normal" and any potential or
unusual situations must be studied. Each program should be
specially designed to suit the needs of the individual workplace.
Hence, no two programs will be exactly alike.
 Choosing a control method may involve:
 Evaluating and selecting temporary and permanent controls.
 Implementing temporary measures until permanent (engineering)
controls can be put in place.
 Implementing permanent controls when reasonably practicable.
 For example, in the case of a noise hazard, temporary measures
might require workers to use hearing protection. Long term,
permanent controls might use engineering methods to remove or
isolate the noise source.
What are the main ways to control a hazard?
Elimination (including
substitution):
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment:
These methods are also known as
the "hierarchy of control" because
they should be considered in the
order presented (it is always best to
What are the main ways to control a hazard?
 Elimination (including substitution): remove the hazard from the
workplace, or substitute (replace) hazardous materials or machines
with less hazardous ones.
 Engineering Controls: includes designs or modifications to plants,
equipment, ventilation systems, and processes that reduce the source
of exposure.
 Administrative Controls: controls that alter the way the work is
done, including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work
practices such as standards and operating procedures (including
training, housekeeping, and equipment maintenance, and personal
hygiene practices).
 Personal Protective Equipment: equipment worn by individuals to
reduce exposure such as contact with chemicals or exposure to noise.
 These methods are also known as the "hierarchy of control" because
they should be considered in the order presented (it is always best to
try to eliminate the hazard first, etc).
Hazard Control
Some control measures are more effective
than others at reducing the hazard.
Be aware of the different types of controls
available and the benefits and limitations of
each.
Where are controls used?
Controls are usually placed:
At the source (where the hazard "comes from").
Along the path (where the hazard "travels").
At the worker.

Control at the source and control along the

path are sometimes also known as engineering
controls.
Source Controls
Substitution
Process Change
Process Enclosure
Process Isolation
Wet Methods
Local Exhaust
Ventilation
Adequate
Maintenance
Program
Control Systems

Dust Collection Systems

Dust collection systems are industrial
ventilation principles to capture airborne dust
from the source. The captured dust is then
transported to a dust collector, which cleans
the dusty air.
Control systems
Wet Dust Suppression Systems
Wet dust suppression systems use liquids
(usually water) to wet the material so that it
has a lower tendency to generate dust.
Keeping the material damp immobilizes the
dust, and very little material becomes
airborne.
Dust controls
Dilution Ventilation
This technique reduces the dust concentration in the area
by diluting the contaminated air with uncontaminated fresh
air. In general, dilution ventilation is not as satisfactory for
health hazard control or dust collecting systems; however,
it may be applied in circumstances where the operation or
process prohibits other dust control measures.

Isolation
Isolation is another means to protect workers from
exposure to harmful dust. In this technique, the worker is
placed in an enclosed cab and supplied with fresh, clean,
filtered air.
As per provision in Section 14 of The Factory Act, 1948

Dust and fume.— (1) In every factory in which, by

reason of the manufacturing process carried on,
there is given off any dust or fume or other impurity
of such a nature and to such an extent as is likely
to be injurious or offensive to the workers employed
therein, or any dust in substantial quantities, effective
measures shall be taken to prevent its inhalation and
accumulation in any workroom, and if any exhaust
appliance is necessary for this purpose, it shall be
applied as near as possible to the point of origin of
the dust, fume or other impurity, and such point shall
be enclosed so far as possible.
 Local Exhaust Ventilation
Local exhaust system is used to control air contaminants by trapping them at or near the
source, in contrast to dilution ventilation which lets the contaminant spread throughout the
workplace. Local exhaust is generally a far more effective way of controlling highly toxic
contaminants before they reach the workers' breathing zones.
Pathway Controls
Housekeeping
General Exhaust
Ventilation
Dilution Ventilation
Distance
Continuous Area
Monitoring
Adequate
Maintenance
Program
What is meant by elimination?
Elimination is the process of removing the
hazard from the workplace. It is the most
effective way to control a risk because the
hazard is no longer present. It is the
preferred way to control a hazard and should
be used whenever possible.
What is substitution?
Substitution occurs when a new
chemical or substance that is less
hazardous is used instead of another
chemical. It is sometimes grouped with
elimination because, in effect, you are
removing the first substance or hazard
from the workplace. The goal,
obviously, is to choose a new chemical
that is less hazardous than the original.
The table below provides some examples:

Instead Of: Consider:

carbon tetrachloride (causes liver 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
damage, cancer) dichloromethane

benzene (causes cancer) toluene, cyclohexane, ketones

pesticides (causes various effects "natural" pesticides such as
on body) pyrethrins

organic solvents (causes various water-detergent solutions

effects on body)

leaded glazes, paints, pigments versions that do not contain lead

(causes various effects on body)

sandstone grinding wheels synthetic grinding wheels such as

(causes severe respiratory illness aluminium oxide
due to silica)
Hazard Control - Engineering
If hazard elimination or substitution
is not feasible, engineering controls
should be considered next.
Engineering controls are physical
changes to the work area or process
that effectively minimize a worker's
exposure to hazards.
Hazard Control - Engineering
Enclosed Hazard
Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for
noisy equipment.
Isolate Hazard
Isolation of the hazard with interlocks,
machine guarding, welding curtains, and other
mechanisms.
Remove / Redirect Hazard
Removal or redirection of the hazard such as
with local and exhaust ventilation.
Redesign Workplace
Redesign of workstation to minimize
ergonomic injuries.
Hazard Control - Engineering
Engineering controls are methods that are
built into the design of a plant, equipment or
process to minimize the hazard. Engineering
controls are a very reliable way to control
worker exposures as long as the controls are
designed, used and maintained properly. The
basic types of engineering controls are:
Process control.
Enclosure and/or isolation of emission
source.
Ventilation.
Hazard Control
If engineering controls are not feasible you
must then consider implementing
administrative controls.

Administrative controls
No physical changes
Limits daily exposure to hazards by
 Adjusting work tasks or schedules.
Hazard Control - Administrative
Examples of administrative controls
include:
Limited time exposure to hazards

Written operating procedures,

Work practices, and

Safety and health rules for employees.

Hazard Control - Administrative
Alarms, signs and warnings

Buddy system

Training

Stretching exercises and break

policies
NOTE: Even after all the control
measures, if the dust in the work
environment still exists it is advised to
use proper PPEs as per standards.
Hazard Control - PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE):
Used when hazards cannot be
eliminated through engineering or
administrative controls,

Must consider personal protective

equipment (PPE) necessary for
employee protection
Hazard Control - PPE
According to OSHA, PPE is
acceptable as a control method in
the following situations:
Engineering controls do not eliminate
hazard
While engineering controls are being
developed
Administrative controls and safe work
practices are not sufficient protection,
and
No Control Measures are
effective if they are not
implemented in their true spirit.
The control measure
implemented should be regularly
monitored and made the changes
if required depending upon the
feedback.
Thank you