INTRODUCTION

• Microbiology:- Branch of science that study of

microorganisms, which are tiny organism that live
around us and inside our body
• Microorganism:- is a simple, very small organism that
cannot seen with nacked eye but visible using
microscope. Microorganism can be one cell or cluster
of cells
• Organism:- Organism is a living thing that ingest and
breakdown food for energy and nutrients, excretes
undigested food as waste and capable of reproduction
• Types of microorganism
• Pathogenic microorganism:- Disease causing
microorganism that infect human, animals and
plant
• Non pathogenic microorganism:- many
microorganisms help to maintain homeostasis
in our bodies and used in the production of
food and commercial products
Branch of microorganism
• Microorganisms are organised into five fields or various
branch of microbiology are Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology,
protozoology and phycology
• Bacteriology:- Study of bacteria
– Bacteria are prokaryotes organisms
– Prokaryotic organism does not have true nucleus
• Virology:- Study of viruses
– Virus is sub microscopic, parasitic entity composed of
either DNA or RNA as nucleic acid surrounded by a protein
coat
• Mycology:- Study of fungi
– Fungi are a eukaryotic organism often microscopic
that absorb nutrient from external environment.
Eg. Yeast and Molds
• Protozoology:- Study of Protozoa
• Phycology:- Study of algae
• Smallest to largest…..
• Prions
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
Veterinary Microbiology
• Veterinary microbiology is concerned with the
etiology (causation) pathogenesis (mechanism
of attack on body), laboratory diagnosis and
treatment of infection in the individual and
with the epizootiology (study of mass disease
among animals) and control or prevention of
infection in the community.
 Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cells
1 Nucleus
Nuclear membrane Absent Present
Nucleolus Absent Present
Chromosome One Many
Nuclear division Binary fission Mitosis
2 Cytoplasm
Mitochondria Absent Present
Golgi apparatus Absent Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent Present
Lysosomes Absent Present
Pinocytosis Absent Present
3 Chemical structure
Sterol Absent Present
Muramic acid Present Absent
• Bacteria - what comes to mind?
• Diseases
• Infections
• Epidemics
• Food Spoilage
• Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases
• About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases
• 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
• Benefit Microbes
• Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the
environment (sewage treatment plants)
• Microbes produce various food products
– cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives
– yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread
– Beer, Wine, Alcohol
• Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
• Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot
synthesize
• Example: E. coli
– B vitamins - for metabolism
– Vitamin K - blood clotting
• Biochemistry and Metabolism
– Very simple structure
– rapid rate of reproduction
– provides “instant” data
• Microbial Antagonism
– Our normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from
gaining access to our body
• Insect Pest Control
– Using bacteria to control the growth of insects Eg. Bacillus
thuringiensis
– bollworms
• corn borers
• Bioremediation
– Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes
• Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy
Genetic Engineering
• Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins
they normally would not produce
– Insulin
– Human Growth Hormone
– Interferon
• Microbes form the basis of the food chain
– Marine and fresh water microorganisms
 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

• Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1677) -Observed

Animalcule means "little animals". FIRST TO SEE
MICROORGANISM
• Two school of thought arise
• i) Spontaneous generation (aboigenesis):-
Microorganism arise from nonliving substance
supported by John Needham (1713-1781)
• ii) Germ theory (Biogenesis):- Microorganism from
living parental form supported by Louis Pasteur
• Francesco Redi (1688)-Disproved the idea of spontaneous
generation
• Edward Jenner (1796)-Small pox vaccination
• Previous infection with cowpox could offer protection against
smallpox. He collected scrapings of cowpox lesions from the
fingers of Sarah Nelmes, a young milkmaid and injected it into
James Phipps, an 8-year-old boy. James got mild fever and
typical cow pox lesions. A few weeks after recovery, Jenner
injected James with the live smallpox virus and found that the
boy was protected from the disease. Jenner invented the
word "Vaccination" for his treatment (from Latin vacca, a
cow). Pasteur adopted this word for immunization against any
disease.
• Spallanzani - no organism survive on boiling of broth for one
hour and concluded air was essential for life. “Disapproval of
spontaneous generation”
• Louis Pasteur (1861)-Disproved spontaneous generation and given Germ
theory of disease.
• Louis Pasteur repeated series of experiments of Spallanzani using a swan
neck sterilized flask and showed that contamination of nutrient broth when
exposed to air resulted from microorganisms in dust particles setting on the
fluid.
• Pasteur also showed that microorganisms caused fermentation - a process
used in baking and brewing. Pasteur solved the problem of rancid wines in
France's vinyards. He recommended sterile technique
and Pasteurization of milk and other food products
• Pasteur studies on chicken cholera and discovered one could attenuate
(decrease virulence) cultures and produce artificial vaccines.
• Developed vaccines for fowl cholera anthrax and rabies (Joseph Meister a
boy – injected rabies vaccine).
• Joseph Lister-Antiseptic surgery (1867). By spraying carbolic acid on
surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical
mortality due to bacterial infection considerably. Lister used
antiseptics on wounds and during surgery. He showed that the
healing was faster with the antiseptic treatment. He was also the
first to isolate a pure culture by serial dilution: Bacterium lactis.
• Robert Koch (1876)-First proof of Germ Theory of Disease using B.
anthracis organism
• First to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood
serum at body temperature
• Robert Koch (1881)-Growth of Bacteria on solid media
• Robert Koch(1882)-Kochs postulates using Bacillus anthracis
organism
• Kochs postulates…
• The pathogenic microorganism must be present in every
case of the disease but absent from healthy animals.
• The suspected microorganism must be must be isolated
and grown in pure culture.
• The same disease must be reproduced when a pure
culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible
healthy animal.
• The microorganism must be isolated again from the
experimentally infected animal.
• John Tyndal (1876)-Developed fractional sterilization (Tyndallization)
• Robert Koch - Agar as solidifying agent in bacteriology media. This
suggestion was given by Frau Hess.
• Schroeder and Dusch (1854) Introduce the use of cotton plug in
microbiology
• Paul Ehrlich(1882)-Developed acid-fast Staining technique
• Elie Metchinikoff (1883)-Discovered phagocytosis
• Christian Gram (1884)- Developed Gram Staining technique
• R.J. Petri (1887)- Invented Petri Dish
• Dmitri Ivanovski (1892)- Discovery of firs viruses (Tobbaco mosaic
virus)
• Alexander Fleming (1929)- Discovery of Penicillin
• Knoll and Ruska (1931)-First electron microscope
• Father of Microbiology - Antony Van
Leeuwenhoek
• Father of Modern Microbiology -Louis Pasteur
• Father of Bacteriology & Medical
Microbiology- Robert Koch
• Father of Immunology – Edward Jenner
• Father of Virology - W. M. Stanley
• father of antiseptic surgery - Joseph Lister
 CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

– Criteria for characterization and classification of

microorganisms as per Bergey’s Manual
• Morphology – Shape, size, spore
• Cultural characters - colony characters
• Staining characters – Gram positive and Gram
negative
• Metabolism – Biochemical reaction
• Oxygen requirement – aerobic and anaerobic
• Growth characteristics – Colony size, shape, colour
• Serological reaction – Antigen – Antibody reaction
• Phage typing – Using bacteriophage to identify bacterial
strains
• Genetic characterization – Analysis of DNA components.
DNA base is a constant character of a particular species and
express as mole % G+C, range 23-75%
• G+C/G+C+A+T x 100
• DNA hybridization – closely related organisms
• Ribosomal RNA hybridization – Distantly related organisms
• Naming of Microorganism
• Carlous Linnaeus - firs to give “Binomial Nomenclature”
• Two latine name to identify each organism
• Principle of nomenclature as follows
– Bacteria of each distinct kind designated as species
– Species name has two words first name Genus and second Species
– Genus – Noun, always capitalized
– Species – Adjective, lower case
– Both italicized or underline
• Eg. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus anthracis, (B. anthracis) Bacillus anthracis,
• Escherichia coli, (E. coli), Escherichia coli
• Hierarchical classification
• Taxon: A group or “level” of classification
• Hierarchical; broad divisions are divided up into smaller
divisions:
– Kingdom (Not used by most bacteriologists)
– Phylum (Called “Division” by botanists)
– Class – siffix – a Scotobacteria
– Order – siffix – ales Spirochaetales
– Family – siffix – aceae Leptospiraceae
– Genus (plural: Genera) Leptospira
– Species (Both singular & plural) L. interrogans
 MORPHOLOGY

• Micrometry:- Accurately measure the size of

bacterial cell
• The size of bacteria is expressed in term of a
‘micron (micrometer) µ’
• 1 µ = 1/1000mm and one thousand of
millimeter
• 1nanometer (millimeter) =1/1000 µm
 Prokaryotic Cell
 These cells are simple in structure, with no
recognizable organelles. They have an outer cell
wall that gives them shape
 Just under the rigid cell wall is the more fluid cell
membrane
 The cytoplasm enclosed within the cell membrane
does not exhibit much structure when viewed by
electron microscopy

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 Typical Bacterial
Shapes

Also Pleomorphic Bacteria, which vary in their shape (e.g., Corynebacterium).

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 Typical Bacterial
Arrangements
streptococci

sarcina

staphylococci

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Forms

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 Shapes
Cocci
• spherical
• several different arrangements
• important identification characteristic
• single cocci; coccus
• diplococci – Streptococcus pneumonia
• long chains - Streptococcus sp.
• Packets
- 4 cells - tetrads - Pediococcus sp.
- 8 cells - Sarcina sp.
- irregular clusters - Staphylococcus sp.
Bacilli
• rod shaped
• coccobacilli - almost as wide as long
• can be found in single, or variable length chains
• Vibrios are curved - comma shaped
Spirals
• spirilla - corkscrew shaped
• spirochetes - flexible cell walls; wiggle

shapes can be changed by environment

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