Proton Pump Inhibitor: PHRM 304
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Apurba Sarker ApuProton Pump Inhibitor: PHRM 304
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Apurba Sarker Apu- Proton Pump Inhibitor: Introduces the concept of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) and their role in acid secretion control.
- Proton Pump: Explains the functionality of proton pumps in acid secretion and the exchange of ions.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor: Describes how PPIs work beyond second messengers such as Ca++ and cAMP.
- Example: Lists examples of proton pump inhibitors including Omeprazole and Esomeprazole.
- Esomeprazole: Details the properties of Esomeprazole, its development, and its usage.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor: Activation: Discusses the activation process of PPIs and their behavior in an acidic environment.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor: M/A: Explains the mechanism of action of PPIs, specifically their interaction with cysteine residues.
- PPI: Administration: Provides guidelines on how and when PPIs should be administered for optimal effectiveness.
- PPI: Dosage Form: Details the different dosage forms of PPIs and the importance of their stability in an acidic environment.
- PPI: Kinetics: Outlines the kinetics of PPIs including their half-life, duration of action, and excretion routes.
- PPI: CaCO3 absorption: Explores how PPIs affect calcium absorption, particularly in elderly women, and the role of stomach pH.
Proton Pump Inhibitor
PHRM 304
Proton Pump
Involve in final step of acid secretion Membrane pump: H+/K+- ATP ase Participate in exchange of hydrogen ion for potassium ion
Proton Pump Inhibitor
Act beyond the second messengers (Ca++, cAMP) Independent of the action of secretogogue (histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine)
Example
Omeprazole Esomeprazole Lansoprazole Rabeprazole Pantoprazole
Esomeprazole
S-enantiomer of omeprazole First proton pump inhibitor developed as a single isomer for the treatment of acid-related diseases
Esomeprazole
Eliminated 3 times slowly than R isoform, thus has prolong half life (due to slow metabolism)
[Link]
The large-scale production of esomeprazole is achieved by asymmetric oxidation of the same sulphide intermediate as is used in the production of omeprazole, which gives a 94% enantiomeric excess (ee). This is increased to 100% by preparing a magnesium salt of of esomeprazole and then performing a crystallization.
Proton Pump Inhibitor
2-pyridylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole derivative: 1972
Proton Pump Inhibitor: Activation
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are prodrug, that require activation in an acid environment. PPIs are lipophilic, weak base PPIs specifically concentrate in the acidic secretory canaliculi of the parietal cell. PPIs concentrated >1000 fold within parietal cell canaliculus.
Proton Pump Inhibitor: Activation
Here, it is activated by proton-catalyzed formation of a tetracyclic sulfenamide, trapping the drug so that it cannot diffuse back across the canalicular membrane.
Tetracyclic sulfenamide
Fig: Mechanism of action of PPIs
Ref: Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 11th ed
Proton Pump Inhibitor: M/A
The sulphenamide interacts covalently with the sulphydryl groups of cysteine residues in the extracellular domain of the H+/K+-ATPase. Evidence indicates that two molecules of the intermediate from omeprazole are bound to the active site; one of these sites has been identified as cysteine-813 (and, probably, cysteine-892 and/or -822) of the cysteine-rich H+/K+-ATPase
Proton Pump Inhibitor: M/A
In the covalent binding, a disulphide bond to the proton pump is formed. Different proton pump inhibitors bind differentially to cysteines and other sulfhydryl groups. Analogous, but slightly different, results are reported for lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole.
Mechanism of action
Plasma
[Link]
PPI: Administration
Since an acidic pH in the parietal cell or acid canaliculi is required for drug activation, and since food stimulates acid production, these drugs ideally should be given about 30 minutes before meals.
PPI: Dosage Form
Activation occurs at strongly acidic pH Acid stable oral dosage form required to ensure the dissolution, release and absorption of drug in intestine Dosage form may be: enteric coated granules in capsules or enteric coated tablets If PPI release in stomach what will happen???
PPI: Kinetics
PPIs enter parietal cell from the blood, accumulate in acid space where they are activated (formation of sulfenamide). T1/2 = 1 hour Irreversibly inhibit the proton pump Long duration of acid inhibition (>24 hours) Excreted in feces and urine
PPI: CaCO3 absorption
Essential for elderly women In vitro CaCO3 disintegration and dissolution depends on pH: At pH 1: 96% At pH 6.1: 23% Omeprazole changed the stomach pH from 1.3 to 5.5 If two drugs co-administer what will happen?
