Quick
Review
How do little elephants grow
up to be BIG elephants?
Why do animals shed their
skin?
Cell Division
⮚Cells divide to give
rise to new cells
and
its through cell
division that the
mechanism of
genetic
transmission
could be
explained.
Why do cells
divide?
1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Replacement
Different cells divide at different
rates:
Most mammalian cells = 12-24 hours
Some bacterial cells = 20-30 minutes
Why do cells
1. DNA Overload
›
divide?
If cells grow without limit, an
“information crisis” would develop
› DNA cannot serve the needs of the
increasing size of cell
2. Exchange of materials
› Food and oxygen have to cross
membrane very quickly
› Waste must get out
› If cell is too large, this occurs too slowly
and cell will die
Getting Older…
⮚ All cells are only allowed to complete a
certain number of divisions
⮚ Then they die (programmed cell death)
How does cell division change over a
lifetime?
Childhood = cell division > cell death
Adulthood = cell division = cell death
The Later Years = cell division < cell death
How do errors in the
cell cycle result in
cancer?
Cancer Cells
⦿ Result of uncontrolled cell division of
cells that have lost ability to regulate cell
cycle
⦿ Reproduce more rapidly than normal
cells
⦿ Masses formed called ‘tumors’
The Cell Cycle
Stages of the Cell
There are two stages to a cells life.
Interphase (growth & replication of DNA)
Cycle
Mitotic Phase (division of cell into 2 daughter cells)
Cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm)
Cell spends about
90% of the time
in interphase
Interphase
Divided into 3 phases:
G1 phase = small cell is absorbing nutrients,
growing & doing its job.
S phase = cell is continuing to grow & duplicates
its DNA.
G2 phase= cell keeps growing & doing its job.
Interphase: G1 Phase
During G1 phase (Gap 1 Phase)
⮚ the cell increases in size (cell
grows)
⮚ Synthesizes new proteins and
organelles (cell develops)
⮚ Cells prepare themselves for DNA
Replication
Interphase: S Phase
⦿During the S phase (Synthesis Phase)
⮚Chromosomes are replicated
⮚DNA synthesis takes place
⮚Once a cell enters the S phase, it
usually completes the rest of the cell
cycle
Interphase: G2 Phase
⦿ The G2 Phase (Gap 2 Phase)
⮚ Cells continue to grow and
synthesize RNA and proteins
⮚ organelles and molecules required
for cell division are produced
⮚ Once G2 is complete, the cell is
ready to start the M phase—Mitosis
Interphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: [Link]
Stages of the Cell
Cycle
How is the Cell Cycle
regulated?
⦿ Regulatory proteins called cyclins
control the cell cycle at checkpoints:
⦿ G1 Checkpoint—decides whether or not
cell will divide
⦿ S Checkpoint—determines if DNA has
been properly replicated
⦿ Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint—ensures
chromosomes are aligned at mitotic
plate
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
The Cell Cycle
What is Mitosis?
Quick Review
1. Why do cells divide?
2. What are the three main stages
of cell cycle? Describe Each.
3. How is the cell cycle regulated?
4. How do errors in the cell cycle
result in cancer?
Mitosis
Mitosis: A Closer Look
Cell division results in
genetically identical
daughter
⮚The DNA cellsin a
molecules
cell are packaged into
chromosomes
⮚During S phase the
chromosome is copied.
⮚They are connected in
the middle by a
centromere.
⮚A single strand of
chromosome is called
MITOSIS
⦿ Process that divides cell nucleus to
produce two new nuclei each with a
complete set of chromosomes
⦿ Continuous process
⦿ Four phases (PMAT)
› Prophase
› Metaphase
› Anaphase
› Telophase
Prophase
• Chromatids condense
becoming visible.
• Nuclear membrane dissolves
• The centrosome (an
organelle that makes
microtubules) appears and
migrate to opposite sides.
• spindle fibers start to form
between them
Prophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Spindle fibers
Centrioles
Photographs from: [Link]
Metaphase
• Chromosomes
line-up on the
metaphase plate
• Centromeres are
attached to
spindle fibers
Metaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: [Link]
Anaphase
• Spindle fibers contract
• Centromeres divide
• Sister chromatids are
pulled away from each
other towards the
poles
Anaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: [Link]
Telophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: [Link]
Telophase
• The chromosomes
reach the poles
• Nuclear
membranes form
around the 2 new
nuclei
Cytokinesis
• The cytoplasm
distributed equally Animal Plant
between the 2 new
cells
• In animals, a
cleavage furrow
forms
• In plants, a cell plate
forms
Binary Fission
⦿ Prokaryotes (bacteria)
› Reproduce by a type of cell division called
binary fission
What Happens After
⮚ The cell
Mitosis?
returns to
interphase
⮚ Chromosomes
uncoil back
into chromatin
⮚ The cycle
repeats itself
over & over…
At What Stage Are Our Cells At In The Cell
Cycle?
⮚ Different cells can
be in different
stages
⮚ Interphase
⮚ Mitosis:
⮚ Prophase
⮚ Metaphase
⮚ Anaphase
⮚ Telophase
⮚ Cytokinesis
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Cytokinesis
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Cytokinesis
REMEMBER!
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
IPMAT
• Telophase C
• Cytokinesis
I Pray More At The Church
The Cell Cycle
Prophase
Interphase
Metaphase
Cytokinesis
Anaphase
Telophase
46 4
6
Cell Cycle
47
Assignment
In your notebook, answer the
following questions:
[Link] is Meiosis?
[Link] are the 8 stages of
Meiosis? Briefly describe each.
[Link] are the difference
between Mitosis and Meiosis?
