Denture Lining Materials

Dr. Sadaf Humayoun

Associate Professor & HOD Dental Materials
Rawal Institute of Health Sciences
1
 Denture lining materials
“ Denture Relining is a procedure used to resurface
the tissue side of a denture with new base
material, producing an accurate adaptation to the
denture foundation area” ( GPT 2005)

• Classified into 3 main groups

1. Hard reline materials.
2. Tissue conditioners.
3. Soft lining materials. 2
 Denture lining materials
Indications Contraindications
In cases where fitting surfaces of acrylic Poor quality denture base
dentures needs replacement, due to
bone resorption, to improve the fit of
the denture.
In immediate dentures, after 3-6 months Exaggerated bone resorption
of their construction.
Loose denture at the time of delivery Abused or traumatic oral tissues
Geriatric or chronically ill patient, Poor teeth arrangement
unable to tolerate a hard denture base.
To heal traumatized soft tissues before Unsatisfactory jaw relationship
recording an impression
Speech problems
Undercuts
TMJ problems
 Denture lining materials
Classified into 3 main groups
1. Hard reline materials.
2. Tissue conditioners.
3. Soft lining materials.
a) Temporary soft liners
b) Permanent soft liners
 1. Hard reline materials
Chair side relining technique is used.

• Divided into 2 types.

• Both types are categorized as auto
polymerizable resins.
• Both types polymerize easily at mouth or
room temperature.
5
 1. Hard Reline Materials
Composition: Autopolymerizing resins ( readily polymerize at room
temperature or mouth temperature).
Type 1
Powder Polymer beads Polymethylmethacrylate
Initiator Benzoyl peroxide
Pigments Inorganic salts
Liquid Monomer Methylmethacrylate
Plasticizer Di-n-butylphthalate Tg
Chemical activator Tertiary amine

Type 2
Powder Polymer beads Polyethylmethacrylate
Initiator Benzoyl peroxide
Liquid Monomer Butylmethacrylate Tg
Chemical activator Tertiaty amine
Pigments Inorganic salts
6
 1. Hard Reline Materials
Manipulation:

• Relieve the fitting surface i.e. grinding away some of the hard
surface of acrylic base.
• Powder and liquid are mixed and applied over the fitting surface of
the acrylic base.
• Seated into the patient’s mouth whilst still fluid.
• Closed mouth technique (mouth closed into gentle contact) is used.
• The reline soon becomes rubbery having the recorded patients soft
tissue impression.
• The denture is removed from the patients mouth and is allowed to
bench cure because of exothermic heat.
• The relined denture is normally ready for trimming n polishing
7
within 30 minutes.
 1. Hard Reline Materials
Properties:
Advantages Disadvantages
It provides a chairside reline to the denture. Direct contact with the oral tissues is a disadvantage.
In cases where fitting surfaces of acrylic dentures Methyl methacrylate in the monomer may cause allergic
needs replacement, due to bone resorption, to reaction.
improve the fit of the denture.

In immediate dentures, after 3-6 months of their Low values of glass transition temperature (Tg) in both
construction. type 1 and type 2 materials may lead to increased
dimensional instability.

Loose denture at the time of delivery May become porous due to air entrapment during
mixing which decreases patient acceptance and
increases debris contamination and colonization by
microorganisms.

Geriatric or chronically ill patient Operator has little control over the thickness of the
material which may modify the vertical relationship
and may cause anteroposterior positional error or
lateral cant.

Increase in thickness of the “palate” of an upper

denture, which patients often find unacceptable
8
 Denture lining materials
Classified into 3 main groups
1. Hard reline materials.
2. Tissue conditioners.
3. Soft lining materials.
a) Temporary soft liners
b) Permanent soft liners
 2. Tissue Conditioners
• Soft denture liners.
• Applied to the fitting surface of the denture.
• Provides temporary cushion to the fitting
surface.
• Plastic flow continues for 24-36 hours after
mixing and therefore capture a functional
shape of supporting tissues.
• Several applications in denture works.

10
 2. Tissue Conditioners
Applications:

• Help in recovery of traumatized soft

tissues, due to ill-fitting dentures.
• Reduce pain and help prevent
traumatization of the wound of
patients who have undergone surgery.
• It can help in stabilization of an
immediate denture at the time of
insertion (Addition of the tooth into the
denture base that needs to be
extracted).
• It can help in recording a functional
 2. Tissue Conditioners
Composition: Physical process
Powder
Polymer Polyethymethacrylate
beads
Liquid No monomer------ not irritant
Solvent Ethyl alcohol Tg
Plasticizer Butylphthalyl butylglycolate Tg

• Amount of solvent and plasticizer is very crucial.

• 7.5% - 40% of liquid contains alcohol.
• Powder may be pigmented or unpigmented.

12
 2. Tissue Conditioners
Manipulation: (chairside technique)

• On mixing powder and liquid, physical process occurs.

• Smaller polymeric beads get dissolved and larger beads swell up on
absorbing solvent.
• Freshly mixed material is applied to the fitting surface of the denture
and is seated in the patients mouth while still in fluid state.
• Fluid state of the material ensures a cushion of reasonable thickness
without undue increase in height of the denture.
• Final set material is gel-like and ideally should form a regular layer
over the whole of the fitting surface of the denture.
• High methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, plasticizer and solvent gives
softness.
• Normally denture and patient’s soft tissues are inspected after 2-3
13
days.
 2. Tissue Conditioners
Properties:

• Non-irritant due to the absence of acrylic monomers from

the liquid component.
• Initially very soft and Viscoelastic ( perform both as a tissue
conditioner and functional impression material).
• Undergo permanent deformation under even small load.
• Material do not remain permanently soft.
• Time taken for the material to become hard and loose the
cushioning effect varies from days to a couple of weeks.
• Conditioner should be replaced after 2- 3 days till the tissue
has healed properly. 14
 Denture lining materials
Classified into 3 main groups
1. Hard reline materials.
2. Tissue conditioners.
3. Soft lining materials.
a) Temporary soft liners
b) Permanent soft liners
 3. Soft Lining Materials

• Can be sub divided into

a) Temporary soft lining materials.

b) Permanent soft lining materials.

16
 Denture lining materials
Classified into 3 main groups
1. Hard reline materials.
2. Tissue conditioners.
3. Soft lining materials.
a) Temporary soft liners
b) Permanent soft liners
 3. Soft Lining Materials
Temporary soft lining materials:

• Almost similar to tissue conditioners.

• Supplied as powder liquid formulation.
• Composition and manipulation same as tissue conditioners.
• Viscoelastic in nature.
• Retain their softness for longer duration than tissue
conditioners i.e. up to a month or two.
• Selection of denture cleanser is very crucial for temporary
soft liners as oxygenating type cleanser, cause surface
degradation and pitting of the material.
18
 3. Soft Lining Materials
Temporary soft lining materials ; Applications:

• In cases where it is not practicable to replace the conditioner every 2 –

3 days as they take longer to harden and do not require frequent
replacement.
• They may be used as a means of temporarily improving the fit of an ill
fitting denture until such a time as a new denture can be constructed.
• As a diagnostic aid to ascertain whether the patient would benefit from
a permanent soft lining.

Both tissue conditioners and temporary soft liners will go hard with
surface becoming rough and irregular, increasing the risk of trauma
and colonization by Candida in this hardened state, increasing the
risk of a denture-induced stomatitis.
 Denture lining materials
Classified into 3 main groups
1. Hard reline materials.
2. Tissue conditioners.
3. Soft lining materials.
a) Temporary soft liners
b) Permanent soft liners
 3. Soft Lining Materials
Permanent soft lining materials:

• Commonly used in patients that cannot tolerate a hard base.

• In patients with thin mandibular mucosa.
• These materials should remain permanently soft for the life time
of the denture.
• Elasticity of these materials is very important.

Requirements of Permanent/ long term Soft Liners:

• Permanently soft, ideally for the life time of the denture.

• Should be elastic in order to give a cushioning effect and prevent
unacceptable distortions during service.
• The lining should adhere to the denture base. 21
 Available Permanent soft lining materials

Acrylic Silicone Polyphosphazine

Sheet form
Cold cure Heat cure Cold cure Tendency to peel away
Heat cure
Chairside Processed in the (Processed in lab)
(Processed in lab)
technique. Can lab at the same Single paste of Condensation Addition
be readily time with the vinyl terminated Paste: Hydroxyl Two paste
applied to an acrylic base. polydimethylsiloxa terminated and similar
existing Powder: polyethyl ne polymer with polydimethylsiloxan to addition
denture. or butyl filler and an e polymer with filler cured
Harden with in methacrylate initiator. & Liquid: silicone
a period of a beads with Vinyl gp. undergo Crosslinking agent elastomeric
few weeks or initiator and chain extension, (Tetraethylsilicate) impression
at best a few pigment. increases viscosity and a catalyst materials
months, Liquid: & Crosslinking, (organo-tin
therefore butylmethacrylate develop elasticity. compound).
require regular & Plasticizer P:L—condensation
replacements. crosslinking reaction
with Alcohol
byproduct. 22
 3. Soft Lining Materials

Heat cure acrylic (Permanent soft liner):

• It is in powder liquid formulation.

• Powder consist of poly ethyl or poly butyl methacrylate
(rely for softness on higher methacrylate and a plasticizer)
along with some peroxide initiator and pigment.
• Liquid consists of butyl methacrylate and plasticizer.
• Dough is formed which is then heat treated
simultaneously with the hard acrylic base in the
laboratory and are normally applied to a new denture.
23
 3. Soft Lining Materials
Heat cure silicone (Permanent soft liner) :

• It is used in the same way as heat cure acrylic.

• Presented in a single paste formulation.
• Paste consist of polydimethylsiloxane polymer with
pendant or terminal vinyl groups (chain linking and
crosslinking).
• The paste also contains inert fillers and initiators
which breakdown on heating to initiate the
crosslinking reaction. 24
 3. Soft Lining Materials
Cold cure silicone elastomers (Permanent soft liner):

• Both addition and condensation types are similar to the

silicone elastomers used as impression materials.
• Cold curing silicones are cured at room temperature but are
generally processed in the laboratory.
Normally a cast is poured into the dentures Casts with dentures are
mounted on an articulator The fitting surface of the denture is relieved
to make space for the lining The fluid mix is applied to the fitting surface
of the denture The dentures repositioned in the casts The
articulators closed into occlusion The material allowed to set.

• Alternative method is to use an overcast instead of an

 3. Soft Lining Materials
Polyphosphazine:

• Supplied in sheet form.

• Manipulated similar to the heat cure silicone
products.
• Polymerize by heat cure.
• Curing cycle can be,
– 74°C for 8 hours.
OR
– 74 °C for 2½ hours followed by 100 °C for 30 minutes.
26
 3. Soft Lining Materials
Properties:

• All types are soft and give an adequate cushioning effect.

• Cushioning effect depends upon the thickness of material.
– 2-3 mm is sufficient for adequate cushioning effect.
• Harden through loss of alcohol and leaching of plasticizer.
• The silicones have good elastic properties and retain their shape
after setting despite being subjected to masticatory loading.
• Acrylic materials are viscoelastic and gradually become distorted.
• Adequate bond with the denture base for acrylic and heat cured
silicone products. Cold cure silicone has tendency to peel away.
• Some permanent soft liners are adversely affected by denture
cleansers. Oxygenating cleansers may cause surface pitting in acrylic
linings whilst brushing accelerates the rate of silicone soft liners 27
 Soft Lining Materials
Comparison of Acrylic & Silicone Soft Lining Materials

Acrylic Soft Liner Silicone Soft Liner

Less resilient High resilient
Hardens by time More water sorption
Good bonding with base material Poor bonding to acrylic denture base
material
Acceptable tear resistance Low tear resistance

Better abrasion resistance Low abrasion resistance

Resistant to damage by denture Lower resistance to damage by denture
cleansers cleansers
More susceptibility to microorganism
growth
 3. Soft Lining Materials

None of the soft lining materials can be

considered truly permanent in nature since
none could be expected to last the full lifetime
of a denture, requiring regular review of
patients.
 Self-administered Relining Materials
• Such products contain methacrylate or vinyl
polymers along with a plasticizer and a solvent.
• They enable patient to improve the fit of a denture
and provide a soft cushioning effect without having
to visit the dentist.
• They should be limited for short term emergency use
as long term use of such products can lead to
harmful effects on the hard and soft oral tissues such
as irritation, severe bone loss and tumors related to
their use.
 Rebasing
“It is the laboratory procedure of replacing the entire
denture base material on an existing prosthesis.”

Indications:

• Where the observed clinical changes are moderate

to severe.
• Some processing fault in the denture base for e.g.
porosity.
• Discoloration of base material.
• Where porcelain teeth have been used.