CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
 FUNCTIONS
 Transports oxygen and nutrients to the
cells

 Transports carbon dioxide and other

waste for elimination from the body

 Maintains homeostasis of the body cells

 3 MAIN PARTS
1. Heart
2. Blood
3. Blood vessels – arteries and veins***
• Veins: carry blood back to the heart
• Arteries: carry blood from heart to body
tissues (when you take your pulse, you are
checking one of these sights)
• Capillaries: smallest blood vessels that
connect the veins and arteries
 SIMPLE VS. COMPLEX
ANIMALS
 Simple animals do NOT have a
circulatory system. The exchange
of materials and waste occur by
diffusion across the main body
cavity and cells.
 Example: Cnidarians

 Complex Animals have either an open

or closed circulatory system.
 OPEN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
 The
heart pumps blood into open-
ended blood vessels.

 Theblood is pumped from the

heart, through the vessels, and it
“bathes” the tissues
 Example: Grasshopper (Insects)
 CLOSED CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
 Thehearts pumps the blood only
through blood vessels which carry
the blood to all the body tissues
and then back to the heart.

 Examples: Annelids, Mammals

Open & Closed Circulatory
Systems
Hearts Heartlike structure

Small vessels in tissues

Blood Heart
vessels

Sinuses
and organs
Blood
vessels
Heartlike
structures
Insect: Annelid:
Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System
Advantages of a Double Circulation
 Blood travelling through the small capillaries
in the lungs loses a lot of pressure that was
given to it by the pumping of the heart,
meaning it cannot travel as fast
Advantages of a Double Circulation
 By returning the blood to the heart after
going through the lungs its pressure can be
raised again before sending it to the body,
meaning cells can be supplied with the
oxygen and glucose they need for
respiration faster and more frequently
Fish has a Amphibian Mammal
2 has a 3 has a 4
chambere chambered chambered
d heart heart heart

SINGLE LOOP VS. DOUBLE LOOP

SYSTEM
 2 CIRCUITS THAT BLOOD
TRAVELS
(DOUBLE LOOP SYSTEM)
1. PULMONARY CIRUIT: A short loop
where blood is carried between your
heart and lungs. In your lungs the
blood absorbs oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide. Then the oxygenated
blood returns to the heart.***
2. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT: Carries
oxygenated blood to all other body
cells then the blood releases oxygen
to the cells and picks up carbon
dioxide and other wastes and returns
to the heart.

3. Your heart is basically 2 pumps, one

Fish has a Amphibian Mammal
2 has a 3 has a 4
chambere chambered chambered
d heart heart heart

SINGLE LOOP VS. DOUBLE LOOP

SYSTEM
 CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUR
HEART
 It is about the size of your fist.
 It is located beneath the sternum and
near the center of your chest.
 It is a hollow organ with thick walls
made of cardiac muscle.
 It is surrounded by a double walled sac
called the pericardium.
 It has 2 sides separated by a thick wall
called a septum.
 It has 4 chambers.
 Figure 42.5 The mammalian heart: a closer look

Superio
r

Pulmona Aortic
ry
Tricuspid Mitral

Inferio Septum
r
 PARTS OF THE HEART AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
 The atria (right atrium and left atrium)
are at the top of the heart and the
RECEIVE blood.
 The Ventricles (right ventricle and left
ventricle) are at the bottom of the
heart and the PUMP BLOOD OUT.
 Valves keep the blood moving in the
correct direction.
 The right side of the heart carries the
deoxygenated blood.
 The left side of the heart carries the
oxygenated blood.
 Question

 Explain
how, and where, blood becomes
deoxygenated.

 as it passes through the body organs other than

the lungs; oxygenated diffuses out of the blood
into the body cells, where it is used in aerobic
respiration.
 Question

• List in order the parts of the heart that blood

flows through on one complete journey around
the circulatory system.
 left atrium, left ventricles, right atrium, right
ventricle
 Question

• Which parts of the heart contain oxygenated

blood?

 left atrium and left ventricle

 Question

• Do arteries carry blood towards or away from

the heart?

 away from
 Question

• Do veins carry blood towards or away from the

heart?

 towards
Figure 42.4 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview

Flow of blood through the

heart:
Deoxygenated blood 
right atriumright ventricle
pulmonary arterypulmonary
vein
left atriumleft ventricle
aortabody
Pathways of Blood through
the Heart
 Deoxygenated blood coming from the body
flows into the right atrium via the vena
cava

 Once the right atrium has filled with blood

the heart gives a little beat, and the blood is
pushed through the tricuspid
(atrioventricular) valve into the right
ventricle
Pathways of Blood through
the Heart
 The walls of the ventricle contract and the blood
is pushed into the pulmonary artery through the
semi lunar valve which prevents blood flowing
backwards into the heart
 The blood travels to the lungs and moves through
the capillaries past the alveoli where gas
exchange takes place (this is why there has to be
low pressure on this side of the heart – blood is
going directly to capillaries which would burst
under higher pressure)
Pathways of Blood through
the Heart
 Oxygen rich blood returns to the left atrium via
the pulmonary vein
 It passes through the bicuspid (atrioventricular)
valve into the left ventricle
 The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract
strongly to push the blood forcefully into the aorta
and all the way around the body
 The semi lunar valve in the aorta prevents the
blood flowing back down into the heart
 Question

• Describe how blood is pushed out of the heart?

 The muscles in the walls of the ventricles

contract. This squeezes inwards, making the
volume inside the heart smaller, which
increases the pressure and pushes the blood
out.
 Question

• Which structure keeps oxygenated blood and

deoxygenated blood separate from one another
in the heart? Suggest why it is important for
them to be kept separate.
 Answer

 The septum. If the two types of blood were

allowed to mix, the blood flowing to the
organs would not contain as much oxygen
as if it is purely oxygenated blood.
 Question

• If you have diagram of a vertical section of the

heart in your notebook, add labels to it to show
which of the one-way valves are atrioventricular
valves and which are semilunar valves
 Answer

 Theatrioventricular valves are the ones

between the atria and ventricles. The
semilunar valves are in the entrances to the
aorta and pulmonary artery.
 Question

• Explain, in your own words, why the walls of the

atria are thinner than the walls of the ventricles.
 Answer

 Theatria only need a small quantity of

muscle, because the contraction of this
muscle needs only to produce enough force
to push the blood into the ventricles. The
ventricles must produce enough force to
push the blood out of the heart and to body
organs.
 Question

 Explainwhy a double circulatory system can

provide respiring cells with oxygen more quickly
than a single circulatory system?
 Question

 Theblood goes back to the heart after it has been

oxygenated and is then pumped out again.
Oxygenated blood therefore arrives at the body
organs at higher pressure, meaning that it is
travelling more quickly through the arteries. In a
single circulatory system, the blood does not go
back to the heart after being oxygenated, so is
travelling at a lower pressure as it moves towards
the body organs.
 BLOOD
COMPONENTS
 55% PLASMA (a straw colored fluid)
 45% Blood Cells
 Plasma
 90% water
 10% dissolved minerals
 Blood cells
 Red blood cells- transport oxygen and get
their color from hemoglobin (an iron
containing protein)***
 White blood cells- fight disease
 Platelets- help in blood clotting
 Question

• Describe where you would find coronary arteries

and explain their functions

 In the heart wall. They provide oxygen and

nutrients for the heart muscle.
 Heart Disease & Exercise
 How can we monitor heart
activity?
 Heart activity can be monitored by using an
ECG, measuring pulse rate or listening to
the sounds of valves closing using a
stethoscope
 Heart rate (and pulse rate) is measured in
beats per minute (bpm)
Blood pressure chart by
age
Blood pressure chart by
age
High blood pressure
(hypertension)
 Low blood pressure
(hypotension)
1. Drink more fluids
2. Eat small, frequent meals
3. Increase salt intake (cautiously)
4. Wear compression stocking
5. Caffeine (in moderation)
6. Avoid alcohol
7. Stand up slowly
8. Elevate the head of your bed
 Heart Disease & Exercise
 To investigate the effects of exercise on
heart rate, record the pulse rate at rest for a
minute
 Immediately after they do some exercise,
record the pulse rate every minute until it
returns to the resting rate
 This experiment will show that during
exercise the heart rate increases and may
take several minutes to return to normal
 Why does Heart Rate
Increase during Exercise
 So that sufficient blood is taken to the
working muscles to provide them with
enough nutrients and oxygen for
increased respiration
 An increase in heart rate also allows for
waste products to be removed at a faster
rate
 Why does Heart Rate
Increase during Exercise
 Following exercise, the heart continues to
beat faster for a while to ensure that all
excess waste products are removed from
muscle cells
 It is also likely that muscle cells have been
respiring anaerobically during exercise and
so have built up an oxygen debt
 Why does Heart Rate
Increase during Exercise
 Thisneeds to be ‘repaid’ following exercise
and so the heart continues to beat faster to
ensure that extra oxygen is still being
delivered to muscle cells
 BLOOD PRESSURE
 Caused by the force with which
the ventricles contract.
 Measured with a
sphygmomanometer (blood
pressure cuff)
 A healthy adult should have a
blood pressure of 120/80
 Top number is systolic pressure, the
force felt in the arteries when the
ventricles contract
 Bottom number is diastolic pressure,
 Coronary Heart Disease
 The heart is made of muscle cells that need
their own supply of blood to deliver oxygen,
glucose and other nutrients and remove
carbon dioxide and other waste products
 The blood is supplied by the coronary
arteries
 Coronary Heart Disease
 Ifa coronary artery becomes partially or
completely blocked by fatty deposits
called ‘plaques’ (mainly formed from
cholesterol), the arteries are not as elastic
as they should be and therefore cannot
stretch to accommodate the blood which is
being forced through them – leading to
coronary heart disease
 Coronary Heart Disease
 Partial blockage of the coronary arteries
creates a restricted blood flow to the cardiac
muscle cells and results in severe chest
pains called angina
 Complete blockage means cells in that
area of the heart will not be able to respire
and can no longer contract, leading to a
heart attack
 Question

• Explain why coronary arteries can sometimes

become blocked?

 Cholesterol can form deposits in their walls.

 Question

• List three different ways you can measure your

heart rate.

 Using an ECG, measuring pulse rate or

listening to the sounds of the valves closing.
 Question

• Use the scale to find the mean time between

two Q spikes.
• Use your answer to a to calculate the person’s
heart rate in beats per minute.
 Question
• Explain how the septum and the bicuspid valve
help to ensure that fully oxygenate blood leaves
the heart in the aorta at high pressure
 Answer
 The septum separates oxygenated blood from
deoxygenated blood, ensuring that all of the blood
that enters the aorta is fully oxygenated. The
bicuspid valve is in the entrance to the aorta, and
it prevents blood flowing back into the ventricles
after it has been forced into the aorta as the
muscles in the ventricle wall contract. This
ensures that it flows forwards in the aorta at high
pressure.
Figure 42.14 The composition of mammalian blood
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart
Disease
 Prevention & Treatment
 Reducing the risks of developing coronary heart
disease:
 Quit smoking
 Reduce animal fats in diet and eat more fruits and
vegetables – this will reduce cholesterol levels in
the blood and help with weight loss if overweight
 Exercise regularly – again, this will help with
weight loss, decrease blood pressure and
cholesterol levels and help reduce stress
 Treatment of coronary
heart disease
 Aspirincan be taken daily to reduce the risk
of blood clots forming in arteries
 Treatment of coronary
heart disease
Surgicaltreatments include:
1. Angioplasty
A narrow catheter (tube) is threaded
through the groin up to the blocked
vessel
A tiny balloon inserted into the catheter
is pushed up to the blocked vessel and
then inflated
 Treatment of coronary
heart disease
Surgicaltreatments include:
1. Angioplasty
This flattens the plaque against the wall
of the artery, clearing the blockage
To keep the artery clear, a stent (piece
of metal / plastic mesh) is alsoinserted
which pushes against the wall of the
artery
 Treatment of coronary
heart disease
Surgicaltreatments include:
1. Angioplasty
Sometimes the stent is coated with a drug
that slowly releases medication to prevent
further build up of plaque
 Treatment of coronary
heart disease
Surgical treatments include:
2. Coronary bypass surgery
A piece of blood vessel is taken from
the patient’s leg, arm, or chest and
used to create a new passage for the
flow of blood to the cardiac muscle,
bypassing the blocked area
 Treatment of coronary
heart disease
Surgical treatments include:
2. Coronary bypass surgery
The number of bypass grafts gives rise
to the name of the surgery, so a ‘triple
heart bypass’ would mean three new
bypass grafts being attached.
 Arteries, Veins &
Capillaries
Arteries
 Carry blood at high pressure away from the
heart
 Carry oxygenated blood (other than the
pulmonary artery)
 Have thick muscular walls containing elastic
fibres
 Have a narrow lumen
 Speed of flow is fast
 Arteries, Veins &
Capillaries
Veins
 Carry blood at low pressure towards the heart
 Carry deoxygenated blood (other than the
pulmonary vein)
 Have thin walls
 Have a large lumen
 Contain valves
 Speed of flow is slow
 Arteries, Veins &
Capillaries
Capillaries
 Carry blood at low pressure within tissues
 Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
 Have walls that are one cell thick
 Have ‘leaky’ walls
 Speed of flow is slow
 How Structure of Blood
Vessels is Adapted to

their Function
Arteries
Have thick muscular walls containing
elastic fibres to withstand high pressure
of blood and maintain the blood
pressure as it recoils after the blood
has passed through
Have a narrow lumen to maintain high
pressure
 How Structure of Blood
Vessels is Adapted to

their Function
Veins
Have a large lumen as blood pressure is
low
Contain valves to prevent the backflow
of blood as it is under low pressure
 How Structure of Blood
Vessels is Adapted to

their Function
Capillaries
Have walls that are one cell thick so that
substances can easily diffuse in and
out of them
Have ‘leaky’ walls so that blood plasma
can leak out and form tissue fluid
surrounding cells
Arterioles & Venules
 Arterioles & Venules
 As arteries divide more as they get further
away from the heart, they get narrower
 The narrow vessels that connect arteries to
capillaries are called arterioles
 Veins also get narrower the further away
they are from the heart
 The narrow vessels that connect capillaries
to veins are called venules
 Shunt Vessels
 Sometimes the cardiovascular system need
to redistribute the blood to specific areas of
the body
 For example:
During exercise, more of it goes to the
working muscles and less of it goes to
other body organs such as the digestive
system
 Shunt Vessels
 For example:
When we are hot, more blood flows
through the surface of the skin and when
we are cold less blood flows through the
surface of the skin
 This redirection of blood flow is caused by
the use of a vascular shunt vessel
 The shunt vessels can open or close to
control the amount of blood flowing to a
specific
 Shunt Vessels
 Theshunt vessels can open or close to
control the amount of blood flowing to a
specific area
Shunt Vessels
Lymph Fluid
 Lymph Fluid
 The walls of the capillaries are so thin that
water, dissolved solutes and dissolved
gases easily leak out of them / pass through
the walls from the plasma into the tissue
fluid surrounding the cells
 Cells exchange materials (such as water,
oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, mineral
ions) across their cell membranes with the
tissue fluid surrounding them by diffusion,
osmosis or active transport
 Lymph Fluid
 More fluid leaks out of the capillaries than is
returned to them and this excess fluid
passes into the lymphatic system and
becomes lymph fluid
 Lymph Vessels & Nodes
 The lymphatic system is formed from a
series of tubes which flow from tissues
back to the heart
 It connects with the blood system near to
the heart, where lymph fluid is returned to
the blood plasma
 Lymph Vessels & Nodes
 Lymph nodes are small clusters of
lymphatic tissue found throughout the
lymphatic system, especially in the neck and
armpits
 Large numbers of lymphocytes are found
in lymph nodes
 Lymph Vessels & Nodes
 Tissues associated with the lymphatic
system, such as bone marrow, produce
these lymphocytes
 Lymphocytes play an important role in
defending the body against infection
Component of Blood
Component of Blood
Component of Blood
Types of White Blood Cell
 White blood cells are part of the body’s
immune system, defending against
infection by pathogenic microorganisms
 There are two main types, phagocytes and
lymphocytes
Types of White Blood Cell
 Phagocytes
Types of White Blood Cell
 Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface
membrane that can detect chemicals
produced by pathogenic cells
 Once they encounter the pathogenic cell,
they will engulf it and release digestive
enzymes to digest it.
 They can be easily recognised under the
microscope by their multi-lobed nucleus
and their granular cytoplasm
 Lymphocytes
 Produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic
cells and antitoxins to neutralise toxins
released by pathogens
 They can easily be recognised under the
microscope by their large round nucleus
which takes up nearly the whole cell and
their clear, non-granular cytoplasm
 Functions of the Parts of
Blood
 Plasma is important for the transport of carbon
dioxide, digested food (nutrients), urea,
mineral ions, hormones and heat energy

 Red blood cells transport oxygen around

the body from the lungs to cells which require it
for aerobic respiration
 Functions of the Parts of
Blood
 They carry the oxygen in the form of
oxyhaemoglobin
 White blood cells defend the body against
infection by pathogens by carrying out
phagocytosis and antibody production
 Platelets are involved in helping the blood to
clot
 Blood Clotting
 Platelets are fragments of cells which are
involved in blood clotting and forming scabs
where skin has been cut or punctured
 Blood clotting prevents continued /
significant blood loss from wounds
 Scab formation seals the wound with an
insoluble patch that prevents entry of
microorganisms that could cause infection
 Blood Clotting
 It
remains in place until new skin has grown
underneath it, sealing the skin again

 When the skin is broken (i.e. there is a wound)

platelets arrive to stop the bleeding

 A series of reactions occur within the blood

plasma
 Blood Clotting
 Plateletsrelease chemicals that cause soluble
fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble
fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the
wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore
forming a clot.
 The clot eventually dries and develops into a
scab to protect the wound from bacteria
entering
 Question

 Which side of the heart contains oxygenated

blood, and which contains deoxygenated
blood?

 The left side contains oxygenated blood, and

the right side contains deoxygenated blood.
 Question

 Name the type of blood vessel that:

a. has the thickest wall
b. has the thinnest wall
c. contains valves

a. artery
b. capillary
c. vein
 Question

 Look at Figure
9.16
 Where does
deoxygenated
blood become
oxygenated?
 in the lungs
 Question

 Look at Figure
9.16
 Where does
oxygenated
blood become
deoxygenated?
 inthe body
organs
 Question

 Look at Figure 9.16

 Most arteries carry
oxygenated blood.
Name one artery
that carries
deoxygenated
blood
 pulmonary artery
 Question

 Explainwhy the walls of arteries need to

contain more elastic tissue the walls of veins.
 Answer

 The blood pulses as it is forced through the

arteries – it is at high and fluctuating pressure.
The elastic tissue in artery walls allows them to
expand as a high-pressure pulse of blood flows
through, rather than bursting. They can then recoil
to their normal diameter in between pulses. This
helps to even out the blood pressure. Veins, on the
other hand, carry blood that has already been
through capillaries and has lost most of its
pressure, and is not pulsing.
 Question

 Outline how the supply of blood to the liver

differs from the supply of blood to other body
organs.
 Answer

 Unlikeall other organs, the liver has two

separate blood supplies. The hepatic
artery brings oxygenated blood, and the
hepatic portal vein brings blood rich in
nutrients, from the small intestine.
 Question

 Statehow you can distinguish a white blood cell

from a red blood cell in a photomicrograph.

 A white blood cell has a nucleus.

 Question

 Write
one sentence that explains, in your own
words, what blood plasma is.

 Blood plasma is the liquid part of blood.

 Question

 Outline two roles of blood clotting.

 preventingblood loss and preventing the entry

of pathogens
 Question

 Explain
how you can tell the different between a
phagocyte and lymphocyte, in a
photomicrograph.
 A phagocyte normally has a lobed nucleus,
whereas a lymphocyte has a large, round
nucleus that almost fills the cell.
 Question

 Blood plasma and platelets both play important

parts in forming a blood clot. Describe how they
do this.
 Blood plasma contains the soluble protein
fibrinogen, which forms insoluble fibres of fibrin.
Platelets release a substance that makes this
happen. Platelets also clump together to form
part of the clot.
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