CHAPTER 3

MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF

CELLS
 CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. DIFFUSION
3. OSMOSIS
4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Getting Started

1. The particles are far apart

and rarely collided with
each other
Getting Started

2. The particles vibrate on the

spot
3. The Started
Getting particles are close to
one
another but can move
around.
Getting Started

4. The particles move freely in

all directions
Getting Started

5. The particles stay in contact

and slide past one another as
they move
Getting Started

6. The particles are in fixed

positions, close to one
another
1. If the boy could have a
kidney transplant, he would
not have to spend time
attached to a dialysis
machine. Why do you think
not everyone who need a
kidney transplant can have
one?
2. The dialysis fluid flows
constantly through the
machine. Can you suggest why
this works better than just
having stationary fluid in the
machine
 1. INTRODUCTION (or Why do
substances go in and out of cells?)
 Cells need in:

FOOD SALTS AND WATER

• TO GET ENERGY. FOR CHEMICAL
• TO BUILD UP CELL REACTIONS
Cells STRUCTURES.
need to get rid of substances (e.g.
CO2)
2. DIFFUSION
Amorphophallus titanum
DEFINITION
Net movement of molecules/particles from an area
of high concentration to an area of low
concentration down the concentration gradient as
a result of their random movement.

DIFFUSION ANIMATION

Gas, liquid and small soluble molecules (e.g. sugar)

spread out evenly to fill all the available space.
 DIFFUSION AND LIVING ORGANISMS

1. In plants: during daylight, CO2 diffuses

into the leaves and oxygen diffuses out into
the air. Through what???

Could you labelled

them?
2. Gas exchange. Oxygen molecules
diffuse in or out through the cell
membrane.

Oxygen
molecules
3. Some of the products of digestion are
absorbed from the ileum by diffusion.
4. Flowering plants use diffusion to attract
pollinators.
Factors Affecting the rate of diffusion
Factor Effect

Temperature The higher the faster

Pressure The higher the faster

Distance The thicker the cell wall the slowe

Concentration The higher the faster.

gradient

Molecules size The bigger the slower

Surface area The greater the faster

 QUESTIONS

3.1 Define diffusion.

3.2 List three examples of diffusion in living
things.
3.3 You will need to think about your
knowledge of particle theory to answer
this question.
a. What effect does an increase in
temperature have on the kinetic
energy of molecules of a gas or a
solute?
b. Predict and explain howEnd
an increase in
4 minute
temperature will affect the rate of
 Answer

3.1 Define diffusion.

Diffusion is the process by which molecules move

from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration due to their random thermal
motion. This movement continues until there is an
equal distribution of the molecules throughout the
available space.

End
4 minute
 Answer
3.2 List three examples of diffusion in living
things.

1.Gas Exchange in the Lungs: Oxygen diffuses from the

alveoli (where it is at a higher concentration) into the blood in
the capillaries (where it is at a lower concentration), while
carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
2.Nutrient Absorption in the Intestines: Nutrients like
glucose and amino acids diffuse from the lumen of the
intestines (higher concentration after digestion) into the
bloodstream (lower concentration).
3.Water Movement in Cells: Water diffuses through cell
membranes by osmosis, moving from areas of lower solute
concentration (higher water concentration) to areas of higher
solute concentration (lower water concentration).
End
4 minute
 Answer

3.3. a. Kinetic Energy and Temperature: An

increase in temperature raises the kinetic energy of
molecules. As temperature rises, molecules move
faster due to increased energy from heat.

Rate of Diffusion: As the kinetic energy of

molecules increases with temperature, the rate of
diffusion also increases. Faster-moving molecules
collide more frequently and spread out more rapidly,
leading to a quicker equalization of concentrations.

End
4 minute
 Answer

3.3. b. Prediction: An increase in temperature will

lead to an increase in the rate of diffusion of a solute.
Explanation: With higher temperatures, the
molecules have more kinetic energy, causing them to
move more rapidly. This increased movement means
that molecules will collide with each other more often
and spread out more quickly from areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration,
thereby speeding up the diffusion process.

End
4 minute
 Experimental Skills 3.1
Investigating how Surface área affects
diffusion

1. The jelly cubes contained a weak alkali

and cresol red, which is an indicator.
explain why the cubes changed colour.
2. How did the volume of the four small
cubes compare with the volume of the one
larger cube? Was it greater, smaller, or the
same?
3. How did the total surface of the four small
cubes compare with the surface area of
the one larger cub? Was it greater, smaller,
or the same? End
4 minute
 Experimental Skills 3.1
Investigating how Surface área affects
diffusion
4. Copy and complete these sentences, choosing the
correct words.
The time taken for the four small cubes to completely
change colour was greater / smaller than the one
single cube.

This is because the surface area / volume of the

small
cubes was greater /smaller than for the single
cube.

End
4 minute
 Experimental Skills 3.1
Investigating how Surface área affects
diffusion
5. Write a conclusion for the experiment. Include the
words diffusion and surface area in your conclusion.

End
4 minute
 Investigating how temperature,
concentration gradient or distance
affect diffusion

5. Write a conclusion for the experiment. Include the

words diffusion and surface area in your conclusion.

End
4 minute
3. OSMOSIS
 Down a
DEFINITION water
potential
1. Diffusion of water molecules gradient
2. from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution
3. through a partially permeable membrane.

Osmosis
animation
Partially permeable membrane:
cell membranes or visking
tubing.

?
 Partially permeable membrane:
cell membranes or visking
tubing.
Osmosis can be investigated via dialysis
tubing. Dialysis tubing is an artificial
partially permeable membrane made from
cellulose. It has small pores which allow
the entry of small molecules and prevents
the entry of larger molecules. To
demonstrate osmosis, dialysis tubing can
be filled water. Water will move from the
beaker (an area of higher potential to the
tubing (an area of lower potential)
Cells can lose or gain water
depending on the solution that
surrounds them.
 The water potential

A dilute solution has a high proportion of water

molecules so a higher water potential than a
concentrated solution.
Pure water, then, hasHIGHEST
the water
potential.

HIGHEST
LOWEST It is rather confusing to talk
about the concentration of
water molecules, because the
term concentration is used for
the concentration of the solute
 QUESTION 3.4-3.7 (PAGE 31)
End
4 minute
3.4 Which is larger - a water molecule or a sugar
molecule?
3.5 What is meant by a partially permeable
membrane?
3.6 Give two examples of partially permeable
membranes.
3.7 How would you describe a solution that has a
high concentration of water molecules?
Osmosis and animal cells
The cytoplasm is a quite concentrated solution.

If pure water surrounds the cell

water enters the cell

It swells and may burst

If a concentrated solution surrounds
the cell

water leaves the cell

It shrinks
Osmosis and plant cells

In plant cells we have a different situation. Why?

The cell wall is very strong and prevents the cell
from bursting.

In a more diluted solution water will pass into cell.

The vacuole and cytoplasm expands and press
outwards on the cell wall. The cell is TURGID.
A plant cell in a more concentrated solution: water
will pass out of.
The cell shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall
and becomes flaccid (plasmolysed)
 Experimental Skills 3.3

1. Explain why the liquid moved up the glass

tube.
2. Use your graph for the first set of results to
work out the rate at which the liquid moved
up the tube, in mm per second.
3. If you were able to repeat the experiment
with a different sugar solution, compare the
two sets of results. can you explain any
differences between them?
 Experimental Skills 3.3

4. Imagine you are able to use dialysis tubing

with ridges
on it, instead of a smooth surface. Predict
how this
might affect your results. Explain your
prediction.

5. Suggest who you could modify this

experiment to find
out how temperature affects the rate of
osmosis.
Predict the results you would expect.
4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active transport is the movement of
molecules against concentration gradient
using energy from respiration. Molecules
are actively transported through a cell
membrane from regions of low
concentrations to region of higher
concentration.
DEFINITION
1. The movement of molecules in or out of
the cell
2. through the cell membrane
3. against their concentration gradient
4. using energy from respiration.

Special proteins will help to do the transport.

4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Carrier proteins facilitate active transport.
They are embedded in the cell membrane
and allow passage through it. Molecules
from the side with lower concentration
bind to the carrier protein. The carrier
protein then changes shape using energy
from respiration. This forces the molecules
to move through the membrane to the side
with high concentration, where it is
released.
 EXAMPLES

• Absorption of
minerals by the root
hair cells.
• In humans glucose is
actively transported
from the lumen of the
small intestine into
the cells of the villi.
4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport is needed when an

organism wants to optimize the
amount of nutrients it can take up –
ion uptake by root hairs and uptake of
glucose by epithelial cells of villi.
Summary

You should know:

the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
why diffusion is important to cells and living
organisms
the importance of water as a solvent
about osmosis, which is a special kind of
diffusion, involving water molecules
how osmosis affects animal cells and plant
cells
about active transport, and why it is important
to cells.
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
1. Look at the definition in the key words box.
Explain what each of these words in the
definition means:
a. net movement
b. concentration gradient
c. random movement

End 4 minute
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
2. When substances diffuse into and out of cells, which
part of the cell must they move through?

3. Describe three examples of diffusion in organisms.

For each example, state whether the substance that is
diffusing is a gas or a solute.

4. Where does the energy for diffusion come from?

End 4 minute
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
5. Using what you know about how diffusion happens,
explain each of these statements:
a. Diffusion happens faster at higher temperatures
b. The greater the difference in concentration between
two solutions, the faster diffusion happens.
c. In a kidney dialysis machine, many small tubes
containing dialysis fluid are used, rather than one
big one.
d. In a kidney dialysis machine, the membrane
separating the blood and the dialysis fluid is very
thin
End 4 minute
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
6. What is the solvent in the sugar solution? What is the
solute?
7. Explain why water molecules can move from one side
of the membrane to the other, but sugar molecules
cannot.
8. In which direction is the net movement of water
molecules?
9. Where does the energy come from, to cause this
movement?

End 4 minute
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
10. In figure 3.5, which solution has the higher water
potential? explain your answer.

End 4 minute
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
11. Copy and complete this sentence:
When an animal cell is placed in pure water, water
___________ the cell by ______________ through
the partially permeable cell _________________.
12. Animal cells burst if they are placed in pure water,
but plant cells do not. Explain why?
13. Here are some descriptions of what happens to a
plant cell when it is placed in a concentrated solution

End 4 minute
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
14.

End 4 minute
 END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
15.

End 4 minute