Lecture-2
Digital Signal Processing
Md. Rakibul Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of CSE
Varendra University
Today’s Topics
Basic Concepts of
– Signal,
– System and
– Signal Processing
Classifications of Signals
Basic Concept of Signal
What is a Signal?
– Signal is a basic ingredient of our life
Speech : Voice Communication
Image : Visual Communication
Heartbeat : Biological Information Bearer
Prices of Stocks/Commodities : Financial Forecaster
Email, or Internet : Also carry Information Bearing Signal
Definition of Signal
– A signal is defined as any physical quantity that
varies with time, space, or any other independent
variable or variables
Or
– A signal is defined as a function of one or more
variables which conveys information on the nature
Basic Concept of Signal
One-dimensional Signal:
A = f(t) A
The function depends only on one
variable.
Voice: Amplitude varies with time.
Time Series: Stock prices, temperature
readings t
Digital Signal: A sequence of binary values
Multi-dimensional SignalL = f(x,y)
y
The function depends on more than
one variable.
Image (2D): Represented by horizontal and
vertical coordinates
Video (3D): time, height, width
x
Basic Concept of Signal
Mathematically, we define signal as:
Function of one or more variables:
One-dimensional signal
Multi-dimensional (two) signal
f ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 )=𝑠 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 )=5 𝑥 +20 𝑥𝑦 +10 𝑦 2
The distinction between one-dimensional and
multidimensional signals lies in the number of
independent variables or dimensions used to represent
the data.
1D signals are sequences along a single axis (e.g., time),
Multi-dimensional signals involve multiple axes, capturing
System
• What is a System?
– Is an entity that manipulates (perform operation
on) one or more signal to accomplish a function,
thereby yielding new signal(s).
– For example, Fitters, ADC etc.
• Nature of Input/Output:
– Depends on the intended application of the system
• Signal Processing:
– When we pass a signal through a system, the signal is
processed
System
What is a System?
In broader sense, the entity can be physical or
software
Physical: Filters (analog) or ADC or digital filter
(logic circuits)
Software: Instruction that implements
mathematical functions
Digital Processing of Signal
It includes a digital system and can be
implemented as a combination of hardware and
software
In this case, the system performs its own set of
Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing
System
Analog-to-digital converter:
Convert the analog signal to digital form that the
processor can process
Digital signal processor:
The digital signal processor may be a large programable
digital computer or a small microprocessor programmed
to perform desired operation
Digital-to-analog converter
Convert back the digital signal to analog form for realization
Advantages of Digital Signal Processing(DSP)
Over Analog Signal Processing(ASP)
Flexibility and Programmability:
DSP: Digital processors can be programmed and
reprogrammed. Algorithms can be easily modified or
updated through software changes.
ASP: Analog circuits are typically fixed and less flexible.
Changes often require hardware modifications, making it
less adaptable compared to digital systems.
Precision and Accuracy:
DSP: Digital systems offer high precision and accuracy
in signal processing. Digital signals can be represented
with arbitrary precision, leading to more accurate results
in computations.
ASP: Analog signals are susceptible to noise and
degradation, which can affect the precision of signal
processing.
Advantages of Digital Signal Processing(DSP)
Over Analog Signal Processing(ASP)
Signal Storage and Transmission:
DSP: Digital signals can be easily stored, transmitted, and
reproduced without significant loss of quality. They can be
compressed, encrypted, and manipulated without
introducing noise or degradation.
ASP: Analog signals are more susceptible to degradation
during storage and transmission. They may require
amplification and conditioning to maintain signal integrity.
Ease of Integration with Computers:
DSP: Digital signals naturally integrate with computer
systems, enabling seamless communication and interaction
with other digital devices. This facilitates integration with
software-based algorithms and systems.
ASP: Analog signals may require additional components and
interfaces to integrate with digital systems, which can be
more complex and prone to interference.
Advantages of Digital Signal Processing(DSP)
Over Analog Signal Processing(ASP)
Cost-Effective Implementation:
DSP: Digital processing can be implemented using cost-effective digital
components such as microprocessors, FPGAs, and DSP chips. Mass
production and standardization contribute to cost efficiency.
ASP: Analog processing often involves precision analog components and
may require tuning, leading to higher manufacturing costs.
Adaptability to Advanced Algorithms:
DSP: Digital systems can implement complex algorithms efficiently,
enabling the use of advanced signal processing techniques such as
adaptive filtering, convolution, and spectral analysis.
ASP: Implementing complex algorithms in analog systems may be
challenging, limiting the range of signal processing techniques that can
be applied.
Ease of Reproducibility:
DSP: Digital signals can be reproduced exactly, making it easier to
replicate and share signal processing results. This is crucial in fields
where reproducibility is essential, such as scientific research.
ASP: Analog signals may vary due to component tolerances and
environmental conditions, making precise reproduction more
Classification of Signal
Depending on applications
Multichannel Versus multidimension signals
Depending on time domain
Continuous-Time Versus Discrete-Time Signals
Depending on amplitude value
Continuous-Valued Versus Discrete-Valued Signals
Depending on deterministic and random value
Deterministic Versus Random Signals
Classification of Signal: Multichannel Versus
Multidimension Signals
Multichannel Signal
Consists of multiple individual channels or streams of
information (through multiple sensors).
Each channel typically carries distinct data or represents a
different aspect of the overall signal.
These channels may be combined or processed together to
convey a more comprehensive representation of the
information.
Mathematically,
• Example:
Audio signal (stereo (2 channels)),
5.1 surround sound (6 channels),
Video from multiple sources (RGB),
Classification of Signal: Multichannel Versus
Multidimension Signals
Multidimensional Signal
If the signal is a function of a single independent variable, the signal is called a one-
dimensional signal.
A signal is called M -dimensional if its value is a function of M independent variables.
Mathematically,
• Example:
Image, I = I(x, y)
Video on BW television, I = I(x, y, t)
Video on a Color television (multichannel-multidimension),
[ ]
𝐼𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦 ,𝑡)
𝐼 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑡 )= 𝐼 𝑔 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑡 )
𝐼 𝑏( 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑡 )
Classification of Signal: Continuous-Time Versus
Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Signal
Continuous-time signals or analog signals are defined for every
value of time
They take on values in the continuous interval (a, b), where a
can be -∞ and b can be ∞
Example:
• ;
• -<
Classification of Signal: Continuous-Time Versus
Discrete-Time Signals
Discrete-Time Signal
Discrete-time signals are defined only at certain specific values
of time.
The time instants may or may not equidistance
Example:
•
• If time instant tn equally spaced (n = nT), the notation x(nT) can be used
Classification of Signal: Continuous-Valued
Versus Discrete-Valued Signals
Continuous-Valued and Discrete-Valued Signal
The values of a continuous-time or discrete-time signal can be continuous or
discrete.
If a signal takes on all possible values on a finite or an infinite range. it is said to be a
continuous-valued signal
Continuous Continuous
signal and signal and
continuous value discrete value
If the signal takes on values from a finite set of possible values. it is said to be a
discrete-valued signal
A discrete-time signal having a set of
discrete values is called a digital signal
Discrete signal with continuous value and discrete value
Classification of Signal: Deterministic
Versus Random Signals
Deterministic Signal:
Any signal that can be uniquely described by
an explicit mathematical expression, a table of
data, or a well-defined rule is called
deterministic.
It has a known and definite form, and its values
can be precisely determined at any point in
time.
Examples of deterministic signals include sine
waves, square waves, and any signal that can
be represented by a mathematical equation
with no randomness
• x(n) = sin(πn/4)
• x(t) = 5t
Classification of Signal: Deterministic
Versus Random Signals
Random Signal (Stochastic Signal):
A random signal, on the other hand, is not
predictable in a precise manner. It exhibits
some degree of randomness or uncertainty.
Random signals cannot be described by a
deterministic mathematical function.
Instead, they are often characterized
statistically or probabilistically.
Examples of random signals: noise
signal, the seismic signal, and the
speech signal
Quizzes: L-1,Q-1
• Classify the following signals according to
whether they are (1) multi-channel or multi-
dimensional; (2) continuous time or discrete
time, (3) analog or digital (in amplitude), (4)
Deterministic or random signals. Give a brief
explanation.
(i) stereo audio signal, (ii) video signal from multiple
sources, (iii) ECG, (iv) Image, (v) video on color television,
(vi) ; -<
Acknowledgement
Professor Dr. Dipankar Das
Department of ICE, RU
