Collides

INSTRUCTOR
Introduction
of Colloids
 Definition
› Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures
where one substance is dispersed
evenly in another, forming particles
that are larger than molecules but
smaller than those in a suspension
› Size Range of Particles 1-100nm
› Colloids (Greek word, kolla, meaning
glue like) : They have slower rate of
diffusion and can not diffused from
parchment paper.
› Colloidal system can be solid, liquid or
gaseous.
› Examples :Starch, gelatin, gums, and
 › COLLOIDAL STATE
› Colloids are a type of mixture.
› It is composed of two phases:
Dispersion medium and dispersed phase.
› Colloids are the mixtures in which dispersion
phase is evenly distributed in the dispersion
medium.
Colloidal system = Dispersion phase +
Dispersion medium
› Any substance can be brought into colloidal state.
› It is regarded as an intermediate state between
true solution and suspension.
 Factors
› The factors which contribute most to the overall
nature of a colloidal system are:
1. Particle size
2. Particle shape and flexibility
3. Surface (including electrical) properties
4. Particle—particle interactions
5. Particle—solvent interactions
Types of Colloid
Classification Based
on Particle Size
› Macromolecular Colloids: Large-
sized particles formed by
polymers
› Associated Colloids: Molecules
that form aggregates in solution
› Particulate Colloids: Small solid
particles dispersed in a liquid
 Preparation of Colloidal Solution
› 1. By Condensation Method:
› If the particles of dispersed
phase are very small, they need to condensed suitably to be of
colloidal size.
Smaller particles Bigger particles
We have different ways to condense the particle :
a) By chemical Reactions:
I. Double decomposition :
AgNO + NaCl AgCl + NaNO³
II. Oxidation :
2H²S + SO² 2H²O + 3S
III. Reduction :
2AuCl² + 3SnCl² 3SnCl⁴ +2Au
IV. Hydrolysis :
FeCl³ +H²O Fe( OH)³ + HCl
b. By the exchange of solvent :
› If we add water as an another solvent in true solution of
Sulphur and Alcohol, it turned into aqueous milky appearance
enough to say it colloid.
2. Dispersion Method:
Bigger particles of a substance
are broken down into small particles of Colloidal
dimensions.
Bigger particles Smaller particles
a. By Mechanical Dispersion :
Take a desired substance passes through the grind
state to get a course form. Then add the dispersion
medium to make a suspension. Place this
suspension into colloidal mill (consists of metallic
blades nearly touching each other and rotating it in
opposite direction at high speed) to get a colloidal
sol.
b. By Bredig’s Arc method ( Electrical Dispersion)

› This method involves passing of an electric current (arc)

through electrodes mode of desired metal. (Ag, Au, pt,)
› The metal is suspended in a water container kept cooled by
the surrounding ice.
› Due to the intense heat of arc, the metal changes into vapours
which condense to form the colloidal particles
c. Peptisation :
The process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate
into colloidal form by the addition of suitable electrolyte in small
amount.
Fe(OH)³ + FeCl³ Colloidal sol.
Properties of Collides

1. Optical Properties
2. Kinetic Properties
3. Electrical Properties
 Optical Properties of Collides
These properties help to know the size shape
structure of molecular weight of collide.
These are following:-
1. Tyndall Effect(Light Scattering)
2. Ultramicroscopy
3. Turbidity
 Tyndall Effect(Light Scattering)
› When a beam of light is pass through the collide
solution kept in dark the path of beam get illuminated.
› This phenomena is known as tyndal effect and the path
is known as tyndal cone.
› This tyndal effect is due to the scattering of light by the
Collide particles
› True (homogeneous) solution does not show this they
have small size particles
› Heterogeneous (colloidal) dispersion show this
Lyophobic- show more
Lyophilic- show less(no effect)
 Ultramicroscopy
› When a intense light beam is passed through the
solution against a dark background at right angles
to the place of observation.
› The particles will appear as the bright spot which
can be observed and counted
 Turbidity
› All colloidal solution show turbidity according to
molecular weight of colloids particles
spectrophotometer are used to check this.
› Turbidity directly proportional to molecular weight
 Kinetic Properties of Colloid
› These properties helps to knowns about the
motion of colloidal particles in colloidal dispersion
1. Brownian Motion
2. Diffusion
3. Sedimentation
 1) Brownian Motion
› It is the zig-zag motion of colloidal particles in
colloidal dispersion in continuously random
manner.

› It is given by scientist Robert Brown.

› Particles continous spike to each other and to the
wall of container.
› Brownian movement increase when stability
increase.
 2) Diffusion
› It is the movement particle from an area of higher
concentration to the area of lower concentration.
› It is based on fick's first law, that particle diffuse
continuously until equilibrium reached.
 3) Sedimentation
› It is the setting down of dispersed phase particles
into dispersion medium due to gravity.

› It is depends upon molecule weight of colloidal

particles.
› It is also depends upon the density difference of
dispersed phase to the dispersion medium.
› It increase when Brownian motion decrease.
 PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDES

 Electrical properties
Electrical Properties:
These properties help to know the charge on
particles.
These are
following:
1.Electrophores
is
2. Electrical double
layer theory
Electrophore
sis:
The phenomenon of movement of colloidal particles under
an applied electric field is called electrophoresis.
 If the particles accumulate near the negative
electrode ,the charge on the particle is positive.
 On the other hand if particles accumulate near the
positive electrode, the charge on the particle is negative.
 The apparatus consist of U-tube with two Pt electrode.
 When the electrophoresis of a solution is carried out
without stirring ,the bottom layer gradually become more
concentrated while top layer which contain pure and
concentrated colloidal sol may be decanted.
 This is called electro decanation and is used for
purification as well as for concentrating the sol.
› The reverse of electrophoresis is called sedimentation
potential and Dorn effect.The sedimentation is setup when
a particle is forced to move in a resting liquid. This
phenomenon was discovered by Dorn and is also called
Dorn effect.
Electrical double layer
theory:
 The electrical properties of colloids can also be explained by
electrical double layer theory. According to this theory a
double layer of ions appear at the surface of solid.
 The ions held in fixed part and impart charge to the colloidal
particles.
 The second part consist of a diffuse mobile layer of ions.
This second layer consist of both type of charges. The net
charge on the second layer is exactly equal to that on fixed
part.
 The existence of opposite sign on fixed and diffuse parts of
double layer leads to appearance of a potential difference ,
know as Zeta potential or electro kinetic potential.
DIALYSIS AND
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
Purification of colloidal solution
DIALYSIS
› The process of cleaning colloidal solution using a semipermeable
membrane is called dialysis
› BLOOD is a type of colloidal solution due to large protein
molecules
› Albumin
› Fibrinogen
› Globulins
› The process of removing excess amount of waste products from
the blood when our kidney is not working
› TYPES
› HEAMODIALYSIS
› PERITONIALDIALYSIS
Heamodialysis Peritoneal dialysis
Blood bring out from body Using peritoneum (natural dialyzer)
Enters in dialyzer (cleaning) Dialysis fluid enters in peritoneum via
catheter

Return to body Waste products enters the fluid

ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
An artificial kidney refers to a medical device or
system designed to perform some or all of the
functions of natural kidneys
1. Strong repulsive force
2. Temperature
3. Brownian Motion
1-Strong repulsive force:
Two types of Force exist:
Attractive force Repulsive force

Increase => coagulation Increase => collidal stability increase

Difference types of charges. Same type of charges.

+ - + +
—> <— <— —>

If opposite charge or electrolytes add then the stability will

decrease
2. Temperature
› Increase in temperature will increase the kinetic
energy of particles.
› If the kinetic energy will increase then the motion
between particles will increase .
› Avoid coagulation/ ppt.
› Upto certain limit , beyond limit colloidal break.
3. Brownian Motion
› Random/ zig-zag motion of small particles.
› Precipitation will not occur.
Sensitization and Protective
colloidal
Sensitization:
If a very small amount of hydrophillic colloid is added to a
hydrophobic sol, it is sometimes observed that the latter
has become more sensitive to precipitation on the
subsequent adddition of electrolytes.
The sensitization may be partly due to adsorption of the
oppositely charged hydrophillic sols on hydrophobic
particles.
conti....
› Protective colloidal action:
When a large amount of hydrophilic colloids carrying
opposite charges is added to hydrophobic colloids, these
get adsorbed on the hydrophobic particles and form a
protective layer around it.
This adsorption layer prevents the precipitating ions
reaching the sol particles and hence preventing the
coagulation.
An entire colloids are thermodynamically stable and
behaves like hydrophillic colloid.
 Application of collides
1. Drug Delivery Systems: Colloids, particularly nanoparticles
and liposomes, are used as carriers for drug delivery. These
colloidal systems can encapsulate drugs, protecting them
from degradation and improving their solubility and stability.
2. Pharmaceutical Preparations: Colloids are used in the
formulation of various pharmaceutical preparations. For
example, colloidal suspensions can be used to create oral
suspensions, topical creams, and ointments. These colloidal
systems help to improve the dispersibility and bioavailability
of drugs
3. Suspensions: Colloidal dispersions are used in
suspensions to keep particles suspended
uniformly, providing stability to the formulation.
4. Emulsions: Emulsions are colloidal systems of
two immiscible liquids, like oil and water. They're
used in pharmaceuticals for drug delivery, as
well as in creams and lotions.
 5. Nano formulations: Colloidal systems,
particularly nanoparticles, are employed in drug
delivery systems for enhanced bioavailability
and targeted drug delivery.
6. Thickening and Stabilization: Colloids like
hydrocolloids are used to thicken and stabilize
liquid pharmaceutical formulations, such as
syrups or suspensions.
7. Industrial products such as
8. Photographic plate film:
Silver bromides are used in the process they act as
emulsion(collides)
Medicines such as
Argyrol (eye lotion)
Milk of magnesium
Collidal goal (injection)