TERRACE
Types of Roof
Slope / Pitched Roof
• In the areas of heavy rainfall and snowfall,
usually, sloping roofs are used. The slope of
the roof should be more than 10°.
• They may have slopes as much as 45° to
60° also. The sloped roofs are known as
pitched roofs.
• The sloping roofs are preferred in large
spanned structures like workshops, factory
buildings and warehouses.
• In all these roofs, covering sheets like A.C.
sheet, G.I. sheets, tiles, slates, etc. are
supported on suitable structures
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Design Considerations
For Different Climatic
SLOPE -
conditions
with smooth finish would be 1 : 150 to 1 : 133,
With rough stone / tiles 1 : 100 and
For gravel set in cement or loosely packed concrete finish 1 : 75
to 1 : 66.
The design should also be carried out considering climatic
conditions of regions such as hot climates, cold climates
In hot dry climates, monolithic concrete structural roof can
provide satisfactory roofing with no membrane except at the
joints. More often, the concrete is covered with a membrane
or insulation and membrane system.
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Existing Water Proofing
Systems
A roof is a covering placed on any structure that protects from weather conditions
In India, terrace waterproofing has always been done with very traditional methods.
Typically, systems like Brickbat Coba, China mosaic, Lime terracing or the “Mud Phuska”
technique are still very much in vogue in different parts of the country. These systems
have been offering waterproofing with some insulation against heat.
Some of the problems that these systems have are:
• Heavy loading on the slab
• Cracks on the surface, especially in case of Brickbat Coba
• Expertise levels of application required for lime terracing / mud phuska not as good as
in the olden days
• Offer more insulation rather than a leak-proof or a watertight system
• As ageing takes place, breaking them and re-doing the same system is risky for the
slab; cracks caused in the slab increase the problem of leakage
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Drawbacks of
Traditional Water
Proofing Systems
Drawbacks of Traditional Waterproofing Systems
1. The Brickbat Coba treatment - though successful in the damp heat of coastal region; cracks
up completely on contact with the dry heat of North India, besides having the disadvantage of
imposing higher dead load on the system
• The Brickbat Coba treatment is not flexible enough
to withstand thermal and physical stresses and
developing cracks or de-bonding. Brick being a
porous material absorbs more water through the
cracks and causing the corrosion of reinforcement
which ultimately leads to spalling of ceiling
concrete of the roof slab
2. Mud Phuska with brick tiles - in a hot and arid climate of rural Punjab, Rajasthan
and Uttar Pradesh is more common which basically acts more as insulation rather than
waterproofing
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3. An Indian Patent Stone (IPS) - is basically surfacing used either as a surface barrier treatment
over a new surface or at a location where the ingress of water has taken place. A 25 – 40 mm thick
layer of cement concrete [Link] (8 mm to 10 mm size stone aggregate) is laid over a flat surface,
giving it a correct slope before IPS is laid on top of the same.
Joints on IPS are filled with a suitable sealant like
bitumen, mastic, etc. Leakage may also take
place through the joints of IPS or cracks of China
Mosaic system due to ageing (Fig. 7) which
develops with time.
4. Lime concrete terracing
in coastal humid climates is however most
successful where temperature variation is less
since the lime concrete itself crack under wide
temperature changes, hence may not suitable
hot and humid regions
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Modern Waterproofing
Systems For Roofs
Broad Chemical Compositions
• Hot applied bituminous materials: Bituminous substances with fabrics or
felts
• Cold applied bituminous materials: Asphalt emulsions or asphaltic
mastics, reinforced with fabric
• Liquid applied membranes : Single or multi-component products such as
neoprene, neoprene-bituminous blends, polyurethane, polyurethane
bituminous blends, and epoxy-bituminous blends. Epoxy emulsions allow
the concrete to breathe but not allow rainwater ingress.
• Sheet-applied materials : Neoprene, Butyl, EPDM, PVC, etc. which are
joined by adhesive sealing or chemical welding (solvent bonding)
• Cementitious membranes
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Water Proofing
Treatment
using
Polyethylene
Film ( For New
Roofs)
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Water Proofing
of Roofs using
Polymer
modified
Cementitious
slurry
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Modern Waterproofing
Systems For Roofs
Based on the type of material the roof waterproofing systems can be broadly classified under
two categories:
• Liquid applied membrane system (LAM)
• Prefabricated or preformed membrane
system (PFM)
Bitumen Coating System
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3. Polyurethane Based Liquid Applied Coating Application Method
1. Slab
2. Polyurethane
3. Geotextile
4. Angle Fillet
5. Drip Mould
6. Screed
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4. Polymer Modified Cementitious Coating Application Method
1. Slab
2. Screed
3. Angle Fillet
4. Solvent Based Bitumen Primer
5. Polymer Modified Bitumen Membrane
6. Mineral Finished Polymer Modified
Bitumen Membrane
7. Aluminium Flashing
8. Sealant
Polymer Modified Bitumen (APP / SBS) Torch-
on membrane system
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General Arrangement At Junction of Wall &
Roof With overhang
APEEJAY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLAN 15
NING
General Arrangement At Junction of Wall & Roof
With overhang
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[Link] Waterproofing
Membrane Method
• Liquid membrane is a thin coating which consists of usually a primer
coat and two coats of top coats which are applied by spray, roller, or
trowel. It offers more flexibility than the cementitious types of
waterproofing. The liquid cures into a rubbery coating on the wall.
The elongation properties of the coating can reach as high as 280%.
The durability of the waterproofing coating depends on what type of
polymer the manufacturer use for the making of the liquid
waterproofing.
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3. Membrane Waterproofing
• The best way to waterproof a flat terrace is to use
a waterproofing membrane. This is a thin layer of waterproof
material that is continuous, and offers no path for water to enter
the structure.
The membrane is laid on top of the structural slab.
On top of the membrane, a filler material is laid. The filler
material is necessary to give a slope to the finish of the terrace.
This slope runs towards the drainage outlets.
The final layer is the finish. This may be a tile, or a stone, or any
material that can withstand outdoor conditions. The finish and
the filler layers themselves do not contribute to waterproofing.
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Procedure for Roof Waterproofing Using
Bituminous Waterproofing Membrane
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• ALPPLICATION: A layer of
bituminous water proof
membrane is laid over the
structural roof which acts as a
shield against the seepage of
water onto the roof. Roof tiles &
membrane is applied over the
filler material laid to slope to
pass the flow of water into
drains. A proper slope is
necessary to allow the water to
flow steadily to drains. 20
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• Torch Equipment
• Torch equipments should be properly
connected and hoses to be in good working
condition. Check the equipment against gas
leakage by using soapy water. When torch is
opened it should be at lowest possible settings
to avoid sudden gush of fire.
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Procedure for Roof Waterproofing
Using Bituminous Waterproofing
Membrane
• Roll Alignment
• No wrinkles should be allowed while laying membrane and
proper alignment is necessary.
• Bituminous Waterproofing Membrane installation
• The torch fire should be applied uniformly and slow over the roll
while laying. The best movement of the torch is as shown in the
picture.
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5. Polyurethane Liquid
• Polyurethane Liquid Membrane can offer higher flexibility.
Polyurethane is very sensitive to moisture content present,
therefore before application, one has to be very careful
evaluating the moisture content of the concrete slab,
otherwise peeling or de-bonding of membranes may
happen after some time. Polyurethane liquid membrane
method of waterproofing is used for the flat roof area and
exposed to weathering. This waterproofing method is
expensive.
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• A two pack polyurethane primer coat is
first applied to the surface to serve as
an adhesion coat. It is allowed to dry for
at least 8 hours.
• Three successive finishing coats are
then brush-applied, each with 2
component polyurethane mixed as per
design ratio. Each coat is allowed to dry
for at least 12 hours before applying the
next.
• The PU coating is continued 150 mm up
the parapets or walls. It should also be
continued at least 100 mm into the
rainwater pipes
• The final Polyurethane coat is sprinkled
with a layer of 300 micron of OFsand
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