MEMBRANE FILTRATION
TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Membrane technology offers for,
Concentration
Purification
Separation
Clarification of any aqueous solutions
CONFIGURATIONS OF MEMBRANES
The aqueous solutions can be filtered with various
configurations of membranes like,
Spiral wound
Hollow Fiber
Tubular and Plate
Frame type membrane system
SELECTION OF MEMBRANE CONFIGURATION
Selection of membrane configuration depends upon the
factors such as,
Viscosity
Concentration of suspended solids
Particle size and
Temperature of feed solution
PROCESS OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION
Membrane can selectively separate components over a wide
range of particle size and molecular weight from
macromolecular materials.
Membrane should be selected such that the size of the pores
is smaller than the size of the smallest particle in the feed
stream that is to be retained by the membrane.
CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBRANE PROCESS
• There are different membrane process classified according
to driving force used in process like,
• Pressure
• Electrical potential
• Particle pressure
• Concentration ingredient
MEMBRANE FILTRATION TYPES
There are cross flow pressure driven membrane filtration like,
• Reverse osmosis
• Nano filtration
• Ultra filtration
• Micro filtration
The difference between above filtration is only pore size of the
membranes.
MICRO FILTRATION
• Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) are filtration
processes that operation on a physical sieving separation
process. They are best used for the removal of suspended
solids, Giardia, Crypotsporidum and the reduction of
turbidity.
• They are also used as a pretreatment to desalination
technologies such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.
MF has the largest pore size (0.1 – 3 microns) of the wide
variety of membrane filtration systems.
• MF membranes can operate in either crossflow separation
or dead-end filtration. Cross flow separation is where only
part of the feed stream is treated and the remainder of the
water is passed through the membrane untreated. In dead-
end separation, all of the feed water is treated.
MICRO FILTRATION AND ITS MEMBRANE
ULTRA FILTRATION
An ultrafiltration filter has a pore size around 0.01 micron. A
microfiltration filter has a pore size around 0.1 micron, so when water
undergoes microfiltration, many microorganisms are removed, but
viruses remain in the water.
Ultrafiltration would remove these larger particles, and may remove
some viruses. Neither microfiltration nor ultrafiltration can remove
dissolved substances unless they are first adsorbed (with activated
carbon) or coagulated (with alum or iron salts).
Ultrafiltration membranes can be made from both organic (polymer)
and inorganic materials. There are several polymers and other
materials used for the manufacture of UF membrane.example
polyethersulfone, sulfonated polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride ,
etc.
ULTRA FILTRATION MEMBRANE
REVERSE OSMOSIS
• Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved
across the membrane against the concentration
gradient, from lower concentration to higher
concentration.
• In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side
with the concentrated solution to force the water
molecules across the membrane to the fresh water
side.
• Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial
and residential water filtration. It is also one
of the methods used to desalinate seawater.
REVERSE OSMOSIS
The osmosis process Hydraulic Pressure Causing
at work Reverse Osmosis
NANO FILTRATION
• Nanofiltration (NF) is a rapidly advancing membrane separation
technique for water and wastewater treatment as well as
concentration/separation of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals due to
its unique charge-based repulsion property and high rate of
permeation.
• NF can be defined as a pressure driven process wherein the pore
size of the membrane (0.5-1 nm) as well as the trans-membrane
pressure (5-21 atm) lies between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration.
• Due to the lower operating pressure and higher flow rates,
nanofiltration is inexpensive when compared to reverse osmosis.
NF membranes allow partial permeation of monovalent salts such
as sodium chloride while rejecting bivalent salts and hardness to a
greater extent from aqueous solutions.
• Nanofiltration is one of a group of similar membrane processes
(including reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration) used
to separate components of a liquid mixture.
• These four processes are best understood together and as a
continuum in terms of the size of particles that can be removed from
a mixture.
• Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration
are all membrane processes able to remove small particles or soluble
species. They all work on exactly the same principle as regular
particle filtration, but the distinguishing feature between them is
their effective pore size, and thus, the minimum size of particle that
will be rejected by the membrane; reverse osmosis membranes reject
all but the very smallest species (small soluble organic species that
are not otherwise considered even to be “particles”), while
microfiltration allows considerably larger particles to pass through.
OVER VIEW OF FILTRATION TECHNOLOGY
Dairy Water
industry treatment
APPLICATIONS OF Pharmaceutical
MEMBRANE industry
Textile industry
FILTRATION
Food and Chemical
beverages industry
industry
WATER TREATMENT
Production of pure water from brackish and sea water
Production of bacteria and pyrogen free water for domestic and
industrial use.
Production of mineral water
Production of pure water for process industry
Production of pure water for kidney dialysis
Removal and recovery of chemical from cooling water blow down.
Production of pure water as per IP grade for injections.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Concentration of any dilute solution at low energy consumption at
room temperature
Recovery of valuable product from mother liquor
Concentration of purification of enzymes and Amino acids
Concentration and purification of vitamins and antibiotics
Concentration and fractionation of blood and plasma and
fermentation broth
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Concentration and desalting of reactive, acid and direct dyes.
Concentration and purification of dispersing agent
Glycol and glycerin recovery
ED paints recovery from rinse bath and recycle of fresh water
Oil and water separation
Purification of valuable aqueous solution
Concentration and purification of photographic emulsions
FOOD AND BEVERAGES INDUSTRY
Concentration, clarification and purification of fruit juice like apple,
grape, orange, mango etc.
Concentration, clarification and purification of sugar cane juice
Concentration, clarification and purification of starch and glucose
Concentration, clarification and purification of beer and wine.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Recovery of starch and Poly Vinly Alcohol.
Recovery of Indigo Dye.
Reduction of COD, BOD, Color, TDS, Oil and Grease,
Suspended Solids and other Polluted parameters.
Recycle of fresh water from treated waste water
Recovery of salt from Dye Bath Waste water
DAIRY INDUSTRY
• Concentration and Fractionation of Skimmed Milk.
• Concentration and fractionation of cheese whey.
• Separation of protein and lactose from cheese whey and skimmed milk
• Concentration of whole milk
• Concentration and purification of lactose and protein
• Removal of traces of milk and Aroma from condensed water of spray
drier plant.
