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Introduction To Metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body, divided into catabolism, which breaks down compounds to release energy, and anabolism, which builds macromolecules using energy. Key processes involve oxidation-reduction reactions and the use of electron carriers like NAD+ and FAD. Metabolic pathways can vary in structure and are regulated through localization of enzymes, gene expression, and control of rate-limiting enzymes.

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17 views10 pages

Introduction To Metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body, divided into catabolism, which breaks down compounds to release energy, and anabolism, which builds macromolecules using energy. Key processes involve oxidation-reduction reactions and the use of electron carriers like NAD+ and FAD. Metabolic pathways can vary in structure and are regulated through localization of enzymes, gene expression, and control of rate-limiting enzymes.

Uploaded by

Abdulkarim
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to

Metabolism
Jazeera University

1
Introduction
• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
• Metabolism has two components: catabolism and anabolism
• Catabolism: reactions that break down large compounds and release energy
and raw materials

• Anabolism: The processes by which energy and raw materials are used to
build macromolecules and cellular structures (biosynthesis)

2
Metabolism
• Catabolism: reactions that break
down large compounds and release
energy.

• Anabolism: reactions that require


energy to build large compound

• Catabolic reactions furnish the energy


needed to drive anabolic reactions.
• . Energy harvested from catabolic
reactions are stored in ATP molecules.

3
Metabolism…
• Oxidation or reduction of carbon in metabolic pathways:
• reduced forms of carbon (e.g. hydrocarbons, methane, fats, carbohydrates, alcohols)
carry great potential chemical energy
• oxidized forms of carbon (e.g. ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbon dioxide)
carry very little potential chemical energy in their bonds
• Oxidation and reduction always occur together (reduction-oxidation reaction
(redox reaction)
• Metabolism occurs in stepwise pathways catalyzed by enzymes
• Enzymes that catalyze redox reactions typically require a coenzyme
• Coenzymes “shuttle” electrons from one part of the metabolic pathway to another
• Coenzymes for redox reactions: NAD+(oxidized) + H+ + pair of electrons →
NADH(reduced); FAD(oxidized) + H+ + pair of electrons → FADH2(reduced)
4
Metabolism Overview:

Reduction;
e- gain from
donor

Oxidation;
e- loss to
acceptor

5
Electron carrier molecules
The three main electron carrier molecules that are often required in
metabolic pathways are:

i. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+),

ii. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+),

iii. Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

6
The three stages of catabolism
1. Conversion of complex
molecules into their
building blocks
2. The building blocks
3. Final oxidation of
acetyl CoA

7
Energy-rich compounds
• Chemical energy released in redox reactions is conserved in
phosphorylated compounds.
• Hydrolysis of the phosphate in energy-rich compounds releases much
energy that is used by the cell
• Phosphate can be bonded to organic compounds by either ester or
anhydride bonds

8
9
Metabolic Pathways
• Pathways can be linear, branched, cyclic or even spiral.

• Pathway activity is controlled in three ways:


• Metabolites and enzymes may be localized in different parts of the cell; called
metabolic channeling. (important in eukaryotes)

• Total amount of enzymes in a pathway can vary (gene expression).

• Regulation of enzymes. “Pacemaker enzymes” are often the rate-limiting step


in the pathway.

10

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