Histology-II

Presented by:
Asad Ali + Zahir Ali
Presented to:
Sir Zaigham Wahhab
 Respiratory tract
• The main function of respiratory system is to provide oxygen to blood
and to eliminate carbon dioxide.Its additional functions perception of
smell and production of sound
• It consists of two parts
(a) proximal respiratory tract
(b) distal respiratory tract
Respiratory epithelium
• Most of conducting division of respiratory system is lined by
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
• Respiratory epithelium consists of
(i) Ciliated columnar cells
(ii) goblet cells
(iii) basal cells
(iv) brush cells
(v) small granule cells
Nasal Cavities
• Vestibule of each nasal cavity lined by skin,which contains sebaecous
and sweat glands and bear short thick hair called vibrissae
• Nasal cavity lined by nasal mucosa into reigons
(i) Respiratory mucosa
(ii) Olfactory mucosa
→ Respiratory mucosa is lined by
respiratory epithelium.Beneth the
epithelium thin layer of
connective tissue(lamina propria)
• Lamina Propria: Contain rich plexus of blood vessels,over the conchae
nasal mucosa contains large venous plexus called cavernous bodies.
• The deepest layer of lamina propria blends with periosteum and
perichondrium of cartilage forming the walls of nasal fossa.
• Mucous and serous secretions keep the mucosal surface moist and
humidity the inhaled air.
• Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory mucosa can be distinguished yellowish color
it is lined by olfactory epithelium which serve as a receptor for sensation
of smell.
Olfactory epithelium
• It compries 3 cells
(i) olfactory cells
(ii) sustentacular cells
(iii) basal cells
 Paranasal Sinuses
• It is lined by mucous membrane that resenbles the mucosa of nasal
cavities.
• Lamina propria is thinner contains fewer glands.
Clinical Importance:
Sinusitis→ inflammation of air sinuses
1. Mucosal Inflammation (Edema and Hyperemia)
2. Goblet Cell Hyperplasia
3. Epithelial Changes
4. Inflammatory Cell Infiltration
Nasopharynx
• Consists of
(i) mucosa → consists of epithelium and lamina propria.It is lined by
stratified squamous epitheliumin soft palate during swallowing.
Lamina propria rich in elastic tissue and contains tuboloacinar glands.In
the posterosuperior wall lymphatic nodules aggregated to form the
pharyngeal tonsil.
(ii) submucosa → loose connective tissue is present in superolateral
part of nasopharynx
(iii) Muscle →forming in this are skeletal variety
(iv) Fibrosa→ outermost layer and consists of thin fibrous connective
tissue
 Larynx
(i) Mucosa
(ii) Intrinsic muscles
(iii) cartilages
→ Mucosa comprises epithelium and lamina propria .The lining
epithelium in larygeal inlet ( epiglottis and vocal cords) are lined by
stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium.Rest of larynx lined by
pseduostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.
Lamina propria consists fine connective tissue that contains
tubuloacinar glands.
→ Intrinsic muscles are skeletal type
→ Laryngeal cartilage ( cricoid,thyroid and arytenoids)
 Trachea
• Consists of
(i) Mucosa ( Pseduostratified columnar ciliated epithelium)
(ii) Submucosa ( tubuloacinar glands )
(iii) Cartilage and intrinsic smooth muscle ( Trachiales muscle)
(iv) Adventia ( outermost covering of trachea composed of collagen fibers
and small vessels and autonomic nerve )
 Bronchial Tree
• Trachea divide into right and left principal bronchi.The principal bronchi
give rise to to lobar ( secondary bronchi) which enter the lungs.Three lobar
bronchi arise from right principal bronchus and left principal bronchus into
two lobar bronchi.
• Each bronchi divides into tertiary bronchi which supply bronchopulmonary
segments
• After 10 to 20 generations of divisions the diameter of tube reduced to
1mm is called bronchiole
• BALT: lamina propria of trachea and bronchi contains lymphatic tissue in
form of small nodules aggregations of lymphocytes T and B cells that
provide protection against bacteria
 Lungs
• Contain some part of prximal and all parts of distal respiratory tract
• Intrapulmonary bronchi:
Mucosa of intrapulmonary bronchi lined by pseudostratified columnar
ciliated epithelium with goblet cells .The lamina propria rich in elastic
fibers.Beneth the lamina propria smooth muscle is present in forms of
sheet in which muscle fibers are arranged as spirally coursing interlacting
bundles.
Submucosa contains serumucous glands.Over the submucosa hyaline
cartilage is present in form of irregular plates.
Bronchioles
• Bronchioles are conducting tubes measuring 1mm diameter
(i) there is no cartilage in wall of bronchiole
(ii) Bronchiolar mucosa contain no glands
Outer the mucosa bronchioles is present a layer of smooth
muscle .External to this muscle lies layer of fibrous connective tissue.
In the larger bronchioles lining epithelium is pseudostratified columnar
ciliated with goblet cells as bronchiole divide goblet cells decrease in
number
 Terminal Bronchioles
• It is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.
• Most of the cells of epithelium are ciliated but scattered among the
ciliated cells are nonciliated cells called clara cells
• No goblet cells are seen in terminal bronchioles
• The clara cells( also called club cell) are dome shaped
Functions:
→these cells secrete surfactant that reduce surface tension
→these cells secrete antimicrobial peptides protect microorganisms
→ these cells detoxify the pollutants contain in inhaled air
Respiratory Bronchioles
• Respiratory bronchioles are short,branching tubes which arise from
terminal bronchioles but their wall is interrupted by thin walled
saccular outpocketing called alveoli.
• Alveolar ducts comprises presence of pulmonary alveoli.Rings of
smooth muscle are present between adjacent alveoli.
Pulmonary Alveoli:
cup shaped structures having thin wall of through where gasesous
exchange occur.
It is lined by epithelium Pneumocytes
Types of pneumocytes
• Type I : also called squamous alveolar cells are extremaly thin and flat
epithelial cells.These cells 95% of surface of each pulmonary alveolus.
• This cell not involve in mitosis
• Type II: also called greater alveolar cells are cuboidal cells
• These cells secrete special type of protein surfactant that reduce the
surface tension
• Imp Note: Human fetus production of surfactant begins between
weeks of 24 and 28 of intrauterine life.By about 35 weeks the lungs
of fetus producing surfactant to prevent alveoli from collapse.
 Interalveolar Septa
• Pulmonary alveoli seprate from other by partitions called interalveolar
septa.
• Consists of two squamous epithelial layer
• Alveolar Macrophages: also called dust cells are derived from blood
monocytes , this cell maintain the sterile environment within the
lungs by engulfing the inhaled particulate matter like pollen ,dust
and bateria.
Pleura
• The pleura is the serous membrane that invests the lungs ad lines the
wall of thoracic cavity.It consists of thin layer of loose connective
tissue stroma covered by simple squamous epithelium.
• The stroma contains collagen fibers,elastic fibers,lymph vessels and
blood capillaries ,macrophages and nerves.
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References
• Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain Siddiqui chapter 17
• https://www.google.com/search?
q=pleura+histology&sca_esv=460b7901733d8f1c&udm=2&biw=1366
&bih=641&ei=6SujZ5PyKr6Hxc8P6KaeqA8&ved=0ahUKEwj
• Stevens & Lowe’s Human Histology