NEURO
TRANSMITTERS
PRESENTED BY
NAFLA, SHAHAJA ISMATH,ASHMINA, AFEEDA AND
SANAFARSIN
INTRODUCTION
• Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that allow
neurons to communicate with each other throughout the
body. They enable the brain to provide a variety of
functions, through the process of chemical synaptic
transmission. These endogenous chemicals are integral in
shaping everyday life and functions.
• Neurotransmitters are involved in the processes of early
human development, including neurotransmission,
differentiation, the growth of neurons, and the
development of neural circuitry.
Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters are body’s chemical messengers. They carry
messages from one nerve cell across a space to the next nerve,
muscle or gland cell. These messages help to move limbs, feel
sensations, keep your heart beating, and take in and respond to all
information your body receives from other internal parts of your
body and your environment.
• Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body can’t
function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”)
from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target
cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland.
TYPES OF
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• Scientists know of at least 100 neurotransmitters and
suspect there are many others that have yet to be
discovered. They can be grouped into types based on their
chemical nature
Amino acids neurotransmitters
Monoamines neurotransmitters
Peptide neurotransmitters
Amino acids
neurotransmitters
• These neurotransmitters are involved in most functions of your nervous
system
Glutamate.This is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter of
nervous system. It’s the most abundant neurotransmitter in brain. It plays a
key role in cognitive functions like thinking, learning and memory.
Imbalances in glutamate levels are associated with Alzheimer’s disease,
dementia, Parkinson’s disease and seizures
Gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) . GABA is the most common
inhibitory neurotransmitter of your nervous system, particularly in your
brain. It regulates brain activity to prevent problems in the areas of anxiety,
irritability, concentration, sleep, seizures and depression.
Amino acids
neurotransmitters
Glycine. Glycine is the most common inhibitory
neurotransmitter in spinal cord. Glycine is involved in
controlling hearing processing, pain transmission and
metabolism.
Monoamines neurotransmitters
These neurotransmitters play a lot of different roles in
nervous system and especially in brain. Monoamines
neurotransmitters regulate consciousness, cognition,
attention and emotion. Many disorders of your nervous
system involve abnormalities of monoamine
neurotransmitters, and many drugs that people commonly
take affect these neurotransmitters.
Monoamines
neurotransmitters
• Serotonin. Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Serotonin
helps regulate mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, anxiety, appetite and
pain. Diseases associated with serotonin imbalance include seasonal
affective disorder, anxiety, depression fibromyalgia and chronic pain.
Medications that regulate serotonin and treat these disorders
include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Histamine. Histamine regulates body functions including
wakefulness, feeding behavior and motivation. Histamine plays a role
in asthma, bronchospasm, mucosal edema and multiple sclerosis.
Monoamines
neurotransmitters
• Dopamine. Dopamine plays a role in body’s reward
system, which includes feeling pleasure, achieving
heightened arousal and learning. Dopamine also helps
with focus, concentration, memory, sleep, mood and
motivation. Diseases associated with dysfunctions of the
dopamine system include Parkinson’s disease,
schizophrenia, bipolar disease, restless legs syndrome
and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Many
highly addictive drugs (cocaine, methamphetamines,
amphetamines) act directly on the dopamine system.
Monoamines neurotransmitters
• Epinephrine. Epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and
norepinephrine are responsible for body’s so-called “fight-or-flight
response” to fear and stress. These neurotransmitters stimulate
your body’s response by increasing your heart rate, breathing,
blood pressure, blood sugar and blood flow to your muscles, as
well as heighten attention and focus to allow you to act or react to
different stressors. Too much epinephrine can lead to
high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and other health
problems. As a drug, epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis,
asthma attacks, cardiac arrest and severe infections.
Monoamines
neurotransmitters
• Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine (also called
noradrenaline) increases blood pressure and heart rate.
It’s most widely known for its effects on alertness, arousal,
decision-making, attention and focus. Many medications
(stimulants and depression medications) aim to increase
norepinephrine levels to improve focus or concentration to
treat ADHD or to modulate norepinephrine to improve
depression symptoms.
Peptide neurotransmitters
Peptides are polymers or chains of amino acids.
Endorphins. Endorphins are body’s natural pain reliever. They play a role in
perception of pain. Release of endorphins reduces pain, as well as causes “feel good”
feelings. Low levels of endorphins may play a role in fibromyalgia and some types of
headaches.
Acetylcholine. This excitatory neurotransmitter does a number of functions in your
central nervous system (CNS [brain and spinal cord]) and in your peripheral nervous
system (nerves that branch from the CNS). Acetylcholine is released by most neurons
in your autonomic nervous system regulating heart rate, blood pressure and gut
motility. Acetylcholine plays a role in muscle contractions, memory, motivation,
sexual desire, sleep and learning. Imbalances in acetylcholine levels are linked with
health issues, including Alzheimer’s disease, seizures and muscle spasms.
CONCLUSION
Neurotransmitters play a role in nearly every function in
your body. More specifically, neurotransmitters are the
chemical communicators that carry a nerve’s message from
one nerve cell to the next cell. Without neurotransmitters,
your body can’t function. Too high of a level or too low of a
level of specific neurotransmitters results in specific health
problems. Medications work by increasing or decreasing the
amount of or the action of neurotransmitters
REFERENCE
• https://
my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmi
tters
• https://
www.kenhub.com/en/library/physiology/neurotransmitters
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649
