PYTHON

FUNDAMENTALS
Python Character Set
Is a set of valid characters that python can recognize.
A character represent letters, digits or any symbol.
Python support UNICODE encoding standard. Following
are the Python character set
 Letter : A-Z, a-
s z
 Special symbols :space +-*/()~`!@#$%^ & [{
Digits : 0-9
]};:‟”,<.>/?
 White spaces : Blank space, Enter,
Tab
 Other character : python can process all ASCII
and UNICODE as a part of data or literal
TOKENS
In a passage of text, individual words and
punctuation marks are called tokens or lexical
units or lexical elements. The smallest individual unit
in a program is known as Tokens. Python has following
tokens:

 Keywords
 Identifiers(Name)
 Literals
 Operators
 Punctuators
 KEYWORDS
Keywords are the reserved words and have special
meaning for python interpreter. Every keyword is
assigned specific work and it can be used only for
that purpose.
A partial list of keywords in Python is

VINOD KUMAR VERMA, PGT(CS), KV OEF KANPUR

&
SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS), KV NO.1 TEZPUR
IDENTIFIERS
Are the namesgiven to different parts of program like variables,
objects, classes, functions etc.
Identifier forming rules of Python are :

 Is an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits

 The first character must be letter or underscore
 Upper and lower case are different
 The digits 0-9 are allowed except for first character
 It must not be a keyword
 No special characters are allowed other than underscore is
allowed.
 Space not allowed
The following are some valid identifiers
GradePay File_12_2018 JAMES007
GRADEPAY _ismarried _to_update

The following are some invalid identifiers

Literals / Values
 Literals are data items that have a fixed
value. Python supports several kinds of
literals:
🞑 String Literal
🞑 Numeric Literals

🞑 Boolean Literals

🞑 Special Literals – None

🞑 Literal Collections
String Literals
 It is a collection of character(s) enclosed in a double
or single quotes
 Examples of String literals
🞑 “Python”
🞑 “Mogambo”
🞑 „123456‟
🞑 „Hello How are your‟
🞑 „$‟, „4‟,”@@”
 In Python both single character or multiple
characters enclosed in quotes such as “kv”,
„kv‟,‟*‟,”+” are treated as same
Non-Graphic (Escape)
characters
 They are the special characters which cannot
be type directly from keyboard like backspace,
tabs, enter etc. When the characters are
typed they perform some action. These are
represented by escape characters. Escape
characters are always begins from backslash(\)
character.
List of Escape characters
Escape Sequence What it does Escape Sequence What it does
\\ Backslash \r Carriage return
\‟ Single quotes \t Horizontal tab
\” Double quotes \uxxxx Hexadecimal
value(16 bit)
\a ASCII bell \Uxxxx Hexadecimal
value(32 bit)
\b Back Space \v vertical tab
\n New line \ooo Octal value
String type in Python
 Python allows you to have two string types:
🞑 Single Line Strings
 The string we create using single or double quotes are
normally single-line string i.e. they must terminate in one
line.
 For e.g if you type as
 Name="KV and press enter
 Python we show you an error “EOL while scanning string literal”
 The reason is quite clear, Python by default creates single-
line string with both single quotes and it must terminate in
the same line by quotes
String type in Python
 Multiline String
Some times we need to store some text across
🞑
multiple lines. For that Python offers multiline string.
🞑 To store multiline string Python provides two ways:
(a) By adding a backslash at the end of normal Single /
Double
quoted string. For e.g.
>>> Name="1/6 Mall
Road \ Kanpur"
>>> Name
'1/6 Mall RoadKanpur'
>>>
String type in Python
 Multiline String
(b) By typing text in triple quotation
marks
for e.g.
>>> Address="""1/7 Preet
Vihar New Delhi
India"""
>>> print(Address)
1/7 Preet Vihar
New Delhi
India
>>> Address
'1/7 Preet Vihar\
nNew Delhi\nIndia'
 Size of

String
Python determines the size of string as the count of characters in the
string. For example size of string “xyz” is 3 and of “welcome” is 7.
But if your string literal has an escape sequence contained in it then make
sure to count the escape sequence as one character. For e.g.

String Size
„\\‟ 1
„abc‟ 3
„\ab‟ 2
“Meera\‟s Toy” 11
“Vicky‟s” 7
 You can check these size using len() function of Python. For
example
 >>>len(„abc‟) and press enter, it will show the size as 3
 Size of

String
For multiline strings created with triple quotes : while calculating
size the EOL character as the end of line is also counted in the
size. For example, if you have created String Address as:
>>> Address="""Civil lines
Kanpur"""
>>> len(Address)
18
 For multiline string created with single/double quotes the EOL is
not counted.
>>> data="ab\
bc\
cd"
>>> len(data)
6
Numeric Literals
 The numeric literals in Python can belong to any
of the following numerical types:
1) Integer Literals: it contain at least one digit and
must not contain decimal point. It may contain (+) or (-)
sign.
🞑 Types of Integer Literals:
a) Decimal : 1234, -50, +100
b)Octal : it starts from symbol 0o (zero followed
by letter ‘o’)
 For e.g. 0o10 represent decimal 8
Numeric Literals
>>> num = 0o10
>>> print(num)
It will print the value 8

c) Hexadecimal : it starts from 0x (zero followed by

letter ‘x’)
>>> num = 0oF
>>> print(num)
it will print the value 15
Numeric Literals
 2) Floating point Literals: also known as
real literals. Real literals are numbers having
fractional parts. It is represented in two forms
Fractional Form or Exponent Form
 Fractional Form: it is signed or unsigned with decimal point
🞑 For e.g. 12.0, -15.86, 0.5, 10. (will represent 10.0)
 Exponent Part: it consists of two parts “Mantissa”
and “Exponent”.
🞑 For e.g. 10.5 can be represented as 0.105 x 102 =
0.105E02 where
0.105 is mantissa and 02 (after letter E) is exponent
 Points to remember
 Numeric values with commas are not considered int or float value, rather
Python treats them as tuple. Tuple in a python is a collection of values or sequence
of values. (will be discussed later on)
 You can check the type of literal using type() function. For e.g.
>>> a=100
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> b=10.5
>>> type(b)
<class 'float'>
>>> name="hello“
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
>>> a=100,50,600
>>> type(a)
<class
'tuple'>
Boolean Literals
A Boolean literals in Python is used to represent one of the
two Boolean values i.e. True or False
These are the only two values supported for Boolean
Literals For e.g.

>>> isMarried=True
>>> type(isMarried)
<class 'bool'>
Special Literals None
Python has one special literal, which is None. It indicate
absence of value. In other languages it is knows as NULL. It is
also used to indicate the end of lists in Python.

>>> salary=None
>>> type(salary)
<class 'NoneType'>
Complex Numbers
Complex: Complex number in python is made up of two floating point
values, one each for real and imaginary part. For accessing different
parts of variable (object) x; we will use x.real and x.image. Imaginary
part of the number is represented by “j” instead of “I”, so 1+0j denotes
zero imaginary.
part.
Example
>>> x = 1+0j
>>> print x.real,x.imag
1.0 0.0
Example
>>> y = 9-5j
>>> print y.real, y.imag
9.0 -5.0
 Conversion from one type to
another
 Python allows converting value of one data type to another data
type. If it is done by the programmer then it will be known as
type conversion or type casting and if it is done by compiler
automatically then it will be known as implicit type conversion.
Example of Implicit type conversion
>>> x = 100
>>> type(x)
<type 'int'>
>>> y = 12.5
>>> type(y)
<type 'float'>
>>> x=y
>>> type(x)
<type 'float'> # Here x is automatically converted to float
Conversion from one type to
another
Explicit type conversion
To perform explicit type conversion Python provide functions
like int(), float(), str(), bool()
>>> a=50.25
>>> b=int(a)
>>> print b
50
Here 50.25
is
converted
to int value
50
>>>a=25
>>>y=float
 Simple Input and
Output
 In python we can take input from user using the built-in
function input().
 Syntax
variable = input(<message to display>)
Note: value taken by input() function will always be of String type,
so by
default you will not be able to perform any arithmetic operation on
variable.
>>> marks=input("Enter your marks
") Enter your marks 100
>>> type(marks)
<class 'str'>
Here you can see even we are entering value 100 but it will be
treated as string and will not allow any arithmetic operation
Simple Input and
Output
>>> salary=input("Enter your salary
") Enter your salary 5000
>>> bonus = salary*20/100
Traceback (most recent call
last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in
<module>
TypeError: unsupported operand
type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int'
Reading / Input of Numbers
 Now we are aware that input() function value will
always be of string type, but what to do if we
want number to be entered. The solution to this
problem is to convert values of input() to numeric
type using int() or float() function.
Possible chances of error while
taking input as numbers
1. Entering float value while converting to
int
>>> num1=int(input("Enter marks
")) Enter marks 100.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in
<module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int()
with base 10: '100.5‘

2. Entering of values in words

rather than numeric
>>> age=int(input("What is your age
")) What is your age Eighteen
Traceback (most recent call last):
Possible chances of error while
taking input as numbers
3. While input for float value must be compatible. For
e.g. Example 1
>>> percentage=float(input("Enter percentage "))
Enter percentage 12.5.6
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: could not convert string to float:
'12.5.6'

Example 2
>>> percentage=float(input("Enter percentage "))
Enter percentage 100 percent
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: could not convert string to float: „100
percent'
Program 1
Open a new script file and type the following
code:

num1=int(input("Enter Number 1
")) num2=int(input("Enter Number
2 ")) num3 = num1 + num2
print("Result =",num3)

Save and execute by F5 and

observe the result
Let us write few programs
 WAP to enter length and breadth and calculate
area of rectangle
 WAP to enter radius of circle and calculate area
of circle
 WAP to enter Name, marks of 5 subject and
calculate total & percentage of student
 WAP to enter distance in feet and convert it into
inches
 WAP to enter value of temperature in Fahrenheit
and convert it into Celsius.
 WAP to enter radius and height of cylinder
and calculate volume of cylinder.
Operators
 are symbol that perform specific operation when
applied on variables. Take a look at the
expression: (Operator)
Above
10 + 25 (Operands)
statement is an expression (combination of
operator and operands)
i.e. operator operates on operand. some
operator requires two operand and some requires only one
operand to operate
Types of Operators
 Unary operators: are those operators that
require one operand to operate upon. Following
are some unary operators:

Operator Purpose
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
~ Bitwise complement
Not Logical negation
Types of Operators
 Binary Operators: are those that
operand to
operators require two upon.
operate Following are some Binary
operators:
1. Arithmetic
Operator Action
Operators+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Remainder
** Exponent
// Floor division
Example
>>> num1=20
>>> num2=7
>>> val = num1 %
num2
>>> print(val)
6
>>> val =
2**4
>>> print(val)
16
>>> val =
num1 / num2
>>> print(val)
2.857142857142857
>>> val = num1 / /
num2
>>> print(val)
 Bitwise operator
Operator Purpose Action
Bitwise operator works
& Bitwise AND Return 1 if both
on the binary value of
inputs are 1
number not on the
^ Bitwise XOR Return 1, if actual value. For
the number of example if 5 is
1 in input is in passed to these
odd operator it will work on
101 not on 5. Binary of
| Bitwise OR Return 1 if 5 is 101, and return the
any input is 1 result in decimal not in
binary.
 Example
Binary of 12 is 1100 and 7 is 0111, so applying &
1100
0111
-------
Guess the output with
0100 Which is equal to decimal value 4
| and ^ ?

Let us see one practical example, To check whether entered number is divisible of 2 (or
in
a power of 2 or not) like 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and so on
To check this, no need of loop, simply find the bitwise & of n and n-1, if the result
is 0 it means it is in power of 2 otherwise not

Here we can see Here we can see

Later on by using „if‟ we can 16, it means 24
0, it means 32 is
print meaningful in power of 2 is not in power of
message 2
 Operators Purpose
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

Identity
Operators
Operators Purpose
is Is the Identity same?
is not Is the identity not same?
Relational Operators
Operators Purpose
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than or Equal to
>= Greater than or Equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
Logical Operators
Operators Purpose
and Logical AND
or Logical OR
not Logical NOT
Assignment
Operators
Operators Purpose
= Assignment
/= Assign quotient
+= Assign sum
-= Assign difference
*= Assign product
**= Assign Exponent
//= Assign Floor division
 Membership Operators
Operators Purpose
in Whether variable
in sequence
not in Whether variable not
in sequence
Punctuators
 Punctuators are symbols that are used in
programming languages to organize sentence
structure, and indicate the rhythm and emphasis of
expressions, statements, and program structure.
 Common punctuators are: „ “ # $ @ []{}=:;(),.
 Barebones of Python
It means basic structure of a Python
Program


program
 Take a look of following code:
#This program shows a program‟s
component # Definition of function SeeYou()
follows Comment
def SeeYou(): s
print(“This is my function”) Functio
#Main program n
A=10
B=A+20
C=A+B Expression
Statement

Inline
if(C>=100) s #checking
Comment
conditionprint(“Value is equals or more than
s

100”)
else: print(“Value is less than Bloc
Indentation

100”) #Calling k
SeeYou() Function
Expression
 An expression is any legal combination of symbols
that represents a value. An expression is generally a
combination of operators and operands
Example:
expression of values
only 20, 3.14
Expression that produce a value when
evaluated A+10
Salary * 10 / 100
 Statement
 It is a programming instruction that does something
i.e. some action takes place.
 Example

print(“Welcome to python”)
The above statement call print function
When an expression is evaluated a statement is
executed
i.e. some action takes place.
a=100
b = b + 20
 Comments
 Comments additiona information written in
are program lis not executed
a by interpreter
which i.e.
ignored by Interpreter. Comment contains
information regarding statements used, program flow,
etc.
 Comments in Python begins from #

 Python supports 3 ways to enter comments:

1. Full line comment

2. Inline comment
3. Multiline comment
 Comments
 Full line comment
Example:
#This is program of volume of
cylinder
 Inline comment

Example
area = # calculating area of
length*breadth rectangle
 Multiline

# comment
Program name: area of
Example
circle 1 (using
# Date: #)
20/07/18
#Language : Python
Comments
Multiline comment (using “ “ “) triple
quotes
Example
“““
Program name
Date : swapping of two number
: 20/07/18
Logi : by using third
FF c variable
F
Functions
Function is a block of code that has name and can
be reused by specifying its name in the program
where needed. It is created with def keyword.
Example
def drawline():
print(“======================“)
print(“Welcome to
PythonF) drawline()
print(“Designed by Class
XIF) drawline()
 Block and Indentation
 Group of statement is known as block like
function, conditions or loop etc.
 For e.g.

def area():
a = 10
b=5
c=a*b
Indentation means extra space before writing any
statement. Generally four space together marks the
next indent level.
Variables
 Variables are named temporary location used to
store values which can be further used in calculations,
printing result etc. Every variable must have its own
Identity, type and value. Variable in python is
created by simply assigning value of desired type to
them.
 For e.g
 Num = 100
 Name=“JamesF
 Variables
 Note: Python variables are not storage containers like
other programming language. Let us analyze by example.
 In C++, if we declare a variable radius:

radius = 100
[suppose memory address is
41260] Now we again assign new
value to radius
radius = 500
Now the memory address will be still same only
value will change
Variables
 Now let us take example of Python:
radius = 100 [memory address 3568]

radius = 700 [memory address 8546]

Now you can see that In python, each time you assign
new value to variable it will not use the same memory
address and new memory will be assigned to variable. In
python the location they refer to changes every time
their value change.(This rule is not for all types of
variables)
Lvalues and Rvalues
 Lvalue : expressionthat comes on the Left hand Side
of Assignment.
 Rvalue : expressionthat comes on the Righthand Side
of Assignment

Lvalue refers to object to which you can assign value. It refers

to memory location. It can appear LHS or RHS of assignment

Rvalue refers to the value we assignto any variable. It

can appear on RHS of assignment
Lvalues and Rvalues
For example (valid use of Lvalue and Rvalue)
x = 100
y = 200

Invalid use of Lvalue and Rvalue

100 = x
200 = y
a+b = c

Note: values cannot comes to the left of assignment. LHS must

be a
memory location
 Multiple Assignments
 Python is very versatile with assignments. Let‟s see in how different
ways we can use assignment in Python:
1. Assigning same value to multiple variable
a = b = c = 50
2. Assigning multiple values to multiple
variable a,b,c = 11,22,33

Note: While assigning values through multiple assignment,

remember that Python first evaluates the RHS and then assigns them to
LHS

Examples:
Multiple Assignments
x,y,z = 10,20,30 #Statement 1
z,y,x = x+1,z+10,y-10 #Statement 2
print(x,y,z)
Output will be
10 40 11
Now guess the output of following code
fragment x,y = 7,9
y,z = x-2,
x+10
print(x,y,z)
Multiple Assignments
Let us take another example

y, y = 10, 20

In above code first it will assign 10 to y and again it assign

20 to y, so if you print the value of y it will print 20

Now guess the output of following code

x, x = 100,200
y,y = x + 100, x +200
print(x,y)
Variable definition
 Variable in python is create when you assign value to
it
i.e. a variable is not create in memory until some value
is assigned to it.
Let us take as example(if we execute the following
code) print(x)
Python will show an error „x‟ not defined
So to correct the above
code: x=0
print(x)
#now it will show no
Dynamic Typing
 In Python, a variable declared as numeric type can
be further used to store string type or another.
 Dynamic typing means a variable pointing to a value
of certain type can be made to point to value/object
of different type.
 Lets us understand with example
x = 100 # numeric
print(x) type
x=“KVians” # now x point to string
print(x) type
Dynamic Typing

x=10 x int:
0 100
x=“K int:10
Vians” 0
x string:KVian
s
Caution with Dynamic Typing
 Always ensure correct operation during dynamic
typing. If types are not used correctly Python may
raise an error.
 Take an example

x = 100
y=0
y=x/ 2
print(y)
x='Exam'
y=x/
2
Determining type of variable
Python provides type() functionto check the datatype
of variables.
>>> salary=100
>>> type(salary)
<class 'int'>
>>> salary=2000.50
>>> type(salary)
<class 'float'>
>>> name="raka"
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
Output through
print()
 Python allows to display output using print().
 Syntax:
print(message_to_print[,sep=“string”,end=“string”]
)
Example 1
print(“Welcome”)
Example 2
Age=20
print(“Your age
is “, Age)
Output through
print()
Example 3
r = int(input("Enter Radius "))
print("Area of circle is
",3.14*r*r)

Note: from the Example 2 and Example 3 we

can observe that while printing numeric value print()
convert it into equivalent string and print it. In case of
expression (Example 3) it first evaluate it and then
convert the result to string before printing.
Output through
print()
Note:
print() automatically insert space between different
values given in it. The default argument of sep
parameter of print() is space(‘ ‘) .
Example
print(“Name is”,”Vicky”)
Output
Name is Vicky
Output through
print()
Note:
Python allows to change the separator
string.
Example
print(“Name is”,”Vicky”,”Singh”,sep=“##”)
Output
Name is ##Vicky##Singh
Output through
print()
Note:
Be default each print statementprint the value to next
line. The default value of end is “\n”
Example
print(“Learning Python”)
print(“Developed by Guido Van
Rossum”) Output
Learning Python
Developed by Guido Van Rossum
Output through
print()
Note:
We can change the value of end to any other
value.
Example
print(“Learning Python”,end=“ “)
print(“Developed by Guido Van
Rossum”) Output
Learning Python Developed by Guido
Van Rossum
Output through
print()
Can you Guess the
output Name=“James”
Salary=20000
Dept=“IT”
print(“Name is
“,Name,end=“@”) print(Dept)
print(“Salary is “,Salary)
Just a minute…
 What is the difference between keywords
and identifiers
 What are literals in Python? How many types

of literals in python?
 What will be the size of following string

„\a‟ , “\a” , “Reena\‟s”, „\”‟, “It‟s”, “XY\ , “ “

“XY⮠
YZ” YZ”””
 How many types of String in python?
 Just a minute…
 What are the different ways to declare multiline
String?
 Identify the type of following literal:

41.678, 12345, True, „True‟, “False”, 0xCAFE,

0o456,0o971
 Difference between Expression and Statement

 What is the error inn following python program:

print(“Name is “, name)

Suggest a solution
Just a minute…
 Which of the following string will be the
syntactically correct? State reason.
1. “Welcome to IndiaF
2. „He announced “Start the matchF very loudly‟
3. “Sayonara‟
4. „Revise Python Chapter 1‟
5. “Bonjour
6. “Honesty is the „best‟ policyF
Just a minute…
 The following code is not giving desired output. We
want to enter value as 100 and obtain output as
200.
Identify error and correct the program

num = input("enter any

number") double_num = num *
2
Print("Double
of",num,"is",double_num)
Just a minute…
 Why the following code is giving
error?

Name="James"
Salary=20000
Dept="IT"
print("Name is
",Name,end='@') print(Dept)
print("Salary is ",Salary)
Just a minute…
 WAP to obtain temperature in Celsius and convert it
into
Fahrenheit.
 What will be the output of following code:
x, y = 6,8
x,y = y, x+2
print(x,y)
 What will be the output of following
code: x,y = 7,2
x,y,x = x+4, y+6, x+100
print(x,y)