Retention in FPD

• Guided By
• Dr.RAJESH SETHURAMAN(HOD.PROFFESSOR & GUIDE)

• Dr.NEERJA MAHAJAN(PROFFESOR)

• Dr.TAMANNA CHHABRA(PROFFESOR)

• Dr.PARANJAY PRAJAPATI(PROFFESOR)

• Dr.NAMRATA SHAH NAIDU(PROFFESOR)

• Dr.PIYUSH JAVIYA(READER)

• Dr.SAMEER CHAUHAN(READER)

• Dr.JAY GOHIL (Sr.LECTURER)

• Dr.POONAM VASAVA (Sr.LECTURER)

• Dr.VAIBHAVI HATHI (Sr.LECTURER)

• Presented By-Dr.Param Ajmera(2nd MDS)
Contents
• Introduction
• Mechanical principles of retention in tooth preparation
• Additional methods of gaining retention
• Factors affecting retention in fixed partial dentures
• Different tooth preparation and ways of acheiving Retention in each
• Role of luting cements in retention
• Conclusion
• References
Introduction

• Retention-That quality inherent in the dental prosthesis acting to

resist the forces of dislodgment along the path of placement
(GPT-10)
• Retention form-the feature of a tooth preparation that resists
dislodgment of a crown in a vertical direction or along the path of
placement.(GPT-10)

1. The glossary of prosthodontic terms 2023. J Prosthet Dent [Internet]. 2023;130(4):e1–3. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.03.003
Principles of Tooth Preparation
2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary Fixed
Prosthodontics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
Principles of Tooth Preparation

Preservation
of tooth
structure

Preservation Retention
of the and
periodontium resistance

Marginal Structural
integrity durability
 Mechanical Consideration

• The design of tooth preparations for fixed prostho dontics must adhere
to certain mechanical principles; otherwise, the restoration may
become dislodged or may distort or fracture during service.
• Mechanical considerations can be divided into three categories:
• 1. Providing retention form
• 2. Providing resistance form
• 3. Preventing deformation of the restoration

2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary Fixed

Prosthodontics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
 Retention Form

• For a restoration to accomplish its purpose, it must stay in place on the tooth.
• No cements that are compatible with living tooth structure and the biologic
environment of the oral cavity possess adequate adhesive properties to hold a
restoration in place solely through adhesion.
• The geometric configuration of the tooth preparation must place the cement in
compression to provide the necessary retention and resistance.
• Retention prevents removal of the restoration along the path of insertion or
long axis of the tooth preparation.

2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary Fixed

Prosthodontics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
 • The following factors must be considered when deciding whether retention is adequate
for a given fixed restoration:

1. Magnitude
2. Geometry of
of the
the tooth
dislodging
preparation
forces

3. Roughness
4. Materials
of the fitting
being
surface of the
cemented
restoration

5. Film
2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary Fixed
thickness of
Prosthodontics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
the luting
agent
The essential element of retention is two opposing
vertical surfaces in the same preparation.
Magnitude of the Dislodging Forces.

• Forces that tend to remove a cemented restoration along its path of

withdrawal are small compared to those that tend to seat or tilt it.
• A fixed partial denture or splint can be subjected to such forces by
pulling with floss under the connectors; however, the greatest removal
forces generally arise when exceptionally sticky food (e.g., caramel,
eclairs,) is eaten.
• The magnitude of the dislodging forces depends on the stickiness of
the food and the surface area and texture of the restoration being
pulled.
 Geometry of the Tooth Preparation.

• Most fixed prostheses depend on the geometric form of the

preparation rather than on adhesion for retention because
most of the traditional cements (e.g., zinc phosphate) are
non-adhesive (i.e., they act by in creasing the frictional
resistance between tooth and restoration).
• Cement is effective only if the restoration has a single path
of withdrawal (i.e., the tooth is shaped to restrain the free
movement of the restoration).

2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary Fixed

Prosthodontics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
 • The relationship between a nut and a
bolt is an example of restrained
movement.
• In fixed prosthodontics, a sliding pair is
the only pair that has relevance. It is
formed by two cylindrical* surfaces
constrained to slide along one another.
• The elements are constrained if the
curve that defines the cylinder is closed
or shaped to prevent move at right
angles to the axis of the cylinder.

2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary Fixed

Prosthodontics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
Taper

• Because a cast metal or ceramic restoration

is placed on or in the preparation after the
restoration has been fabricated in its final
form, the axial walls of the preparation must
taper slightly to permit the restoration to
seat; ie, two opposing external walls must
gradually converge, or two opposing internal
surfaces of tooth structure must diverge
occlusally.
• The terms angle of convergence and angle
of divergence can be used to describe the
respective relationships between the two
opposing walls of a preparation.
• The relationship of one wall of a preparation to the long axis of that
preparation is the inclination of that wall.
• A tapered diamond or bur will impart an inclination of 2 to 3 degrees to
any surface it cuts if the shank of the instrument is held parallel to the
intended path of insertion of the preparation.
• Two opposing surfaces, each with a 3-degree inclination, would give the
preparation a 6-degree taper.
• Theoretically, the more nearly parallel the opposing walls of a
preparation, the greater should be the retention.
• The most retentive preparation should be one with parallel walls. Indeed,
parallel walls were advocated by some early authors.
• However, parallel walls are impossible to create in the mouth without
producing preparation undercuts.
• Ward was one of the first to recommend taper as such, prescribing 5% to
20% per inch (3 to 12 degrees, respectively).
• Jorgensen and Kaufman et al have demonstrated experimentally that
retention decreases as taper is increased.
• In recent years, recommendations for optimum axial wall taper of tooth
preparations for cast restorations have ranged from 3 to 5 degrees, 6
degrees, and 10 to 14 degrees.
• To minimize stress in the cement interface between the preparation and
restoration, a taper of 2.5 to 6.5 degrees has been suggested as optimum,
but there is only a slight increase in stress as taper is increased from 0 to
15 degrees.
• However, at 20 degrees, stress concentration was found to increase
sharply.
• Ohm and Silness reported mean tapers of 19.2 degrees mesiodistally
and 23.0 degrees faciolingually on vital teeth, and 12.8 degrees
mesiodistally and 22.5 degrees faciolingually on nonvital teeth.
• Mack found an average clinical taper of 16.5 degrees.
• " Weed et al found that dental students could produce full veneer
crown preparations with a taper of 12.7 degrees on typodonts, but their
clinical preparations had a mean taper of 22.8 degrees.’
• * Noonan and Goldfogel, surveying 909 student-prepared full gold
crown preparations, reported an overall mean taper of 19.2 degrees.
• On proficiency examinations, preparation tapers were decreased by
20%. Dies taken at random from commercial laboratories by Eames et
al were found to have an average overall taper of 20 degrees.
Freedom of Displacement

• Retention is improved by geometrically limiting the numbers of paths

along which a restoration can be removed from the tooth preparation.
• Maximum retention is achieved when there is only one path.
Length

• Occlusogingival length is an important factor in both

retention and resistance.
• Longer preparations will have more surface area and will
therefore be more retentive.
• Because the axial wall occlusal to the finish line interferes
with displacement, the length and inclination of that wall
become factors in resistance to tipping forces.
Substitution of Internal Features
• Kent et al reported a marked difference between the degree of taper of
full crown preparations (18.4 to 22.2 degrees) and that of boxes and
grooves in the axial sur faces of those preparations (7.3 degrees).
• The taper of these internal features is nearly the same as the taper of
the instruments used to cut them (4 to 6 degrees).
• Apparently the widely separated axial walls of the preparations are
over inclined because of access, visibility, or both. In preparing an
internal feature such as a groove or a box, however, the much shorter
distance between the walls allows the dentist to prepare them more
precisely.
• Woolsey and Matich found that proximal grooves on short 15-degree
dies provide complete resistance to faciolingual horizontal
displacement.
Path of Insertion
Structural Durability

Occlusal
Reduction

Functional
Cusp Bevel

Axial
Reduction
Occlusal Reduction
• One of the most important features for providing adequate bulk of
metal and strength to the restoration is occlusal clearance.
• For gold alloys, there should be 1.5 mm of clearance on the functional
cusps (lingual of maxillary molars and premolars and buccal of
mandibular molars and premolars) Not quite as much is required on the
nonfunctional cusp, where 1.0 mm is sufficient.
• Metal-ceramic crowns will require 1.5 to 2.0 mm on functional cusps
that will be veneered with porcelain and 1.0 to 1.5 mm on
nonfunctional cusps to receive ceramic coverage.
• There should be 2.0 mm of clearance on preparations for all-ceramic
crowns.
Functional Cusp Bevel

• An integral part of the occlusal reduction is the function al cusp bevel.

• A wide bevel on the lingual inclines of the maxillary lingual cusps and the
buccal inclines of mandibular buccal cusps provides space for an adequate
bulk of metal in an area of heavy occlusal contact.
• If a wide bevel is not placed on the functional cusp, several problems may
occur.
• If the crown is waxed and cast to normal contour, the casting will be
extremely thin in the area overlying the junction between the occlusal and
axial reduction.
• To prevent a thin casting when there is no functional cusp bevel, an attempt
may be made to wax the crown io optimal thickness in this area. An
overcontoured restoration will result and a deflective occlusal contact is
likely to occur unless the opposing tooth is reduced
Axial Reduction

• Axial reduction also plays an important role in securing space for an

adequate thickness of restorative material.
• If restorations are made with normal contours over preparations with
inadequate axial reduction, they will have thin walls that will be subject
to distortion. Frequently laboratory technicians attempt to compensate
for this by over contouring the axial surfaces.
• While this "solution" to the problem strengthens the restoration, it can
have a disastrous effect on the periodontium.
• There are other features that serve to provide space for metal that will
improve the rigidity and durability of the restoration: the offset, the
occlusal shoulder, the isthmus, the proximal groove, and the box.
• The isthmus connects the boxes, and the offset ties the grooves together
to enhance the reinforcing "truss effect."^
Marginal Integrity

• The restoration can survive in the biological environment of the oral

cavity only if the margins are closely adapted to the Cavo surface finish
line of the preparation.
• The configuration of the preparation finish line dictates the shape and
bulk of restorative material in the margin of the restoration It also can
affect both marginal adaptation and the degree of seating of the
restoration.
Finish Line Configuration

• Knife edge (also named "feather end")

• Chamfer
• Heavy chamfer
• Shoulder
• Radial shoulder
• Shoulder with bevel
• Sloping shoulder
• Chisel edge
Stress Concentration.

• When a retentive failure occurs, cement often adheres to both the

tooth preparation and the fitting surface of the restoration.
• In these cases, cohesive failure occurs through the cement layer
because the strength of the cement is less than the induced stresses.
• A computerized analysis of these stresses-', ' reveals that they are not
uniform throughout the cement but are concentrated around the
junction of the axial and occlusal surfaces.
• Changes in the geometry of the preparation (e.g., rounding the internal
line angles) may reduce stress concentrations and thus increase
retention of the restoration.
Type of Preparation.
Roughness of the Surfaces Being Cemented.

• When the internal surface of a restoration is very smooth, retentive

failure occurs not through the cement but at the cement-restoration
interface.
• Under these circumstances, retention will be increased if the
restoration is roughened or grooved .
• The casting is most effectively prepared by air-abrading the fit ting
surface with 50 um of alumina.
Materials Being Cemented.

• Retention is affected by both the casting alloy and the core or buildup material.
• Laboratory testing results have yet to be confirmed by longer-term clinical studies,
but it appears that the more reactive the alloy is, the more adhesion there will be
with certain luting agents.
• Therefore, base metal alloys are better retained than less reactive high-gold
content metals .
• The effect of adhesion to different core materials also has been tested, with
conflicting results. One laboratory study examining adhesion between cements and
core materials found that the cement adhered better to amalgam than to
composite resin or cast gold.
• However, when crowns were tested for retention, higher values were found with
the composite resin than with amalgam cores.
• The differences may have been due to dimensional changes of the core materials,
although the clinical implications of this finding are not clear.
Type of Luting Agent.
Film Thickness of the Luting Agent.

• There is conflicting evidence about the effect of increased thickness of

the cement film on retention of a restoration. This may be important if
a slightly over sized casting is made (as when the die-spacer technique
is used). The factors that influence the retention of a cemented
restoration are summarized in Table 7-3.
Factors affecting retention in Fixed Partial Dentures
Arch Position of
Materials
the Abutment
Length of Span employed in
teeth and
construction
retention

spring
Curvature of cantilever
Type of Retainer
Arch bridges and
retention

Type of Bridge Occlusion

Tooth or teeth Periodontal

Being Replaced Condition
Length of span

• In addition to the increased load placed on the periodontal ligament by

long span bridge, the longer spans are less rigid and so less retentive.
Curvature of Arch

• Arch curvature has its effect on stresses occurring in a fixed bridge.

When pontics lie outside the inter abutment axis line, the pontics act as
a lever arm which will produce a torquing movement which leads to
loss of retention of bridge.
Type of bridge

• There are two types of bridges made according to the prevalent

condition and position of abutments in the arch.
• a. Rigid connector
• b. Non-rigid connector.
• A completely rigid restoration is not indicated for all situations requiring
a fixed prosthesis.
• In many instances, an edentulous span will occur on both sides of a
tooth creating a lone free standing pier abutment.
• The use of a form of non-rigid connector can lessen these hazards. The
non-rigid connector is a broken stress mechanical union of the retainer
and pontic instead of usual rigid solder joint.
Occlusion

• Interference with undesirable occlusal contacts produce deviation

during closure of maximum intercuspation, hinder smooth passage to
and from the intercuspation position and lead to deflective occlusal
force on the bridges which may lead to damaging effects on abutment
and on the retention of the casting.
• There are four types of occlusal interferences, centric, working, non-
working and protrusive.
• All these interferences should be removed on suitable articulator and a
harmonious occlusion should be achieved in the final casting.
Periodontal condition

• The abutment tooth must be able to provide good support

for the bridge. This support is related to both the amount of
root and the amount of bond present.
Tooth or teeth being replaced

• A bridge replacing a maxillary canine is subjected to more stresses

than the mandibular since forces are transmitted outward (labially) on
the maxillary arch against the inside of the curve (its weakest point).
• When a cantilever pontic is employed to replace a missing tooth, the
forces applied to the pontic have an entirely different effect on the
abutment tooth.
• The pontic acts as a lever which tend to be depressed under forces
with a strong occlusal vector.
Type of retainer used

• There are two types of retainers which are generally used

• Intra coronal
• Extra coronal
• In the intra coronal retainers, the retention is obtained between the
inner wall of the tooth preparation i.e. the internal wall of the prepared
cavity and the casting.
• On the other hand, in extra coronal retainers, the retention is obtained
between the outer wall of the tooth preparation and the inner wall of
the retainer.
Materials Employed in the construction of retainers

• The material used in the construction of the fixed partial dentures calls
for certain requirements which help to increase the longevity of the
restoration.
• Cobalt chromium or nickel chromium alloys generally used for making
fixed bridges fulfill majority of these ideal requirements.
• On the other hand, acrylic is generally weak, is not rigid and cannot
provide strong connectors.
• It also has lower compressive and tensile strength compared to other
alloys and is thus easily subjected to fracture.
• Hence acrylic is used for interim on temporary restorations in the
mouth.
Arch Position of the Abutment teeth and
retention
• When the abutment teeth are more or less parallel to each other,
complete or partial crown retainers can be made.
• If the abutment teeth are not parallel, complete crown retainers with a
common path of insertion are not feasible.
Spring cantilever bridges and retention

• This bridge provides a method of supporting a pontic at some distance

from the retainers.
• This type of bridge is both tooth and tissue supported. A gold bar which
fits in contact with the palatal mucosa connects the pontic to the
retainers.
Different tooth
preparation and ways
of achieving retention
in each
 Complete cast crown preparation

• After the occlusal reduction is completed, the guiding

grooves are placed on the axial walls.
• When these guiding grooves are placed, the dentist should
be sure that the shank of the diamond is parallel to the
proposed path of withdrawal of restoration.
• A diamond taper bur with a taper of 3-6° should be used and
thus an identical taper on the preparation wall will result.
• Place the cervical chamfer concurrently with axial reduction.
• Width of the chamfer should be approximately 0.5mm which
will allow adequate bulk of metal at the margin
 the Metal ceramic crown Preparation
• Factors affecting retention that should be taken into consideration while
preparation
• The completed reduction of the incisal edge on an anterior tooth should allow 2mm
of adequate material thickness to permit translucency in the completed
restoration. Caution must be used here to prevent over reduction because
excessive occlusal reduction shortens the axial wall and thus is a common cause of
inadequate retention and resistance form of completed restoration.
• Labial reduction of 1.5mm should be done for the adequate retention of metal and
porcelain and the shoulder preparation should have a 90° butt joint.
• Reduction of the proximal and linguo-axial surfaces should be done with a diamond
held parallel to the path of withdrawal of the restoration giving an approximate
taper of 6 degree. If this is not followed, a slightly more taper or discrepancy in
taper of two walls will result thus affecting retention.
• In a completed restoration, all the line angles and point angles should be rounded.
This will help in reducing the stress con centration and thus will enhance retention
Posterior teeth three Quarter crown

• During axial reduction place grooves for axial alignment in the centre
of the lingual surface and in the mesiolingual and distolingual
transitional line angles. These grooves should be made parallel to the
long axis of tooth.
• During proximal reduction the proximal grooves are placed parallel to
the path of withdrawal. The groove should not be deeper than 1mm
and is best done with a tapered carbide bur. The grooves prepared
should resist lingual displacement of the periodontal probe.
• If additional bulk is needed to ensure rigidity of the restoration it can be
provided with an occlusal offset. This V-shaped groove extends from
the proximal grooves along the buccal cusp.
Anterior Partial Veneer three Quarter crown Preparation

• With the advent of metal ceramic restorations, the use of partial veneers on
anterior teeth has lessened somewhat during recent years.
• However, two types of partial veneer anterior crown preparations are still
done.
• Maxillary canine three quarter crown.
• Pin ledge preparations.
• To enhance the retention and resistance form of the preparation a slightly
exaggerated chamfer on the lingual aspect of the tooth should be placed and a
guiding groove in the middle of the cingulum wall.
• The mesial and the distal proximal grooves provide most of the retention form
for the anterior partial veneer crowns.
• They are made with a 170L carbide bur and converage at an angle of 3-5
degree.
Pin Ledge Preparation and retention

• A pin ledge is occasionally used as a single restoration

generally to re-establish anterior guidance, in that case
only the lingual surface is prepared. More commonly,
however, it is used as a retainer for a fixed partial denture
or to splint periodontally compromised teeth
Retentive features to be taken into
consideration during each step of the
preparation
• Incisal reduction -There should be an adequate incisal reduction of
2mm otherwise brittle failure of the material occurs.
• Facial reduction- The facial reduction is performed with a coarse flat
end diamond to remove the labial surface while establishing a
preliminary shoulder.
• The incisal 2/3rd of the facial surface should be inclined lingually to
provide uniform porcelain and ensure suitable aesthetics.
• Insufficient tooth reduction on the facial surface can lead to either a
tooth thin coverage contoured restoration.
• This can also lead to the failure of the restoration.
• Proximal reduction-Excessive taper of the proximal surface should be
avoided which can also lead to loss of retention by decreasing the
surface area and also the parallelism of walls.
• Lingual reduction Proper lingual reduction is very important for the
strength and retention of the restoration.
• The lingual surface of the tooth is generally reduced in two planes.
• First cingulum shoulder is placed with a flat ended tapered diamond to
crest a 0.75mm shoulder in the cingulum with a 2-5o taper. The
cingulum reduction is now completed.
• A flame shaped or wheel shaped diamond is used to form the lingual
concavity of the anterior teeth.
• Proper Finish Line- A proper marginal finish line is very important for
the retention. Inadequate finish line in some areas of the preparation
can lead to microleakage thus leading to the loss of retention.
• sharp Points and Undercuts All the sharp points and undercuts should
be removed or rounded off to prevent the accumulation of the stresses
and thus prevent the subsequent failure of the restoration.
Retention in endodontically treated teeth

• It has been demonstrated experimentally that endodontically treated

teeth are weaker and more brittle than vital teeth. So for this reason
attempts have been made to strengthen the teeth by removing part of
the root canal filling and replacing it with a metal post.
• Also, when the teeth will be serving as an FPD abutment, a complete
crown becomes mandatory. Under these circumstances, the retention
and support most be derived from within the root canal.
• canal retention It is recommended that the root canal should be
enlarged only to amount necessary to enable the post to fit snugly for
strength and retention.
Retention IN Porcelain Laminate Veneers

• To ensure a uniform thickness and the retention of the laminate veneer,

the following criteria must be met:
• a. There should be a uniform reduction on the labial surface of the tooth
and the preparation should remain within the enamel whenever possible.
• b. The margin of the porcelain laminate veneer should generally be
hidden within the embrasure area.
• A modified chamfer finish line ensures correct enamel preparation
exposing correctly aligned enamel rods for increased bond strength at
the cervical margin thus increased retention.
• It also ensure an adequate bulk at the margins and hence it increases
the strength. Etching the porcelain is also said to be a predominated
factor in producing the retention.
Retention For Ceramic Inlays AND Onlays

• Ceramic inlays and onlays provide a durable alternative to posterior

composite resins for patients demanding aesthetic restoration.
• For maximum retention following points should be taken cared of:
• • The outline and the reduction of the tooth is governed by the existing
restorations and caries. Now here is resin bonding, the axial wall undercuts
can be blocked out with GI cement preserving additional enamel for
adhesion and thus the increased retention of the restoration. However
undermined and weakened enamel should always be removed.
• • The outline should avoid occlusal contacts.
• Areas to be onlayed need 1.5mm of clearance in all excursions to prevent
ceramic fracture and thus increase the longevity of the restoration
• In this preparation, it is preferred that the margin is kept supragingival,
if this is not possible, crown lengthening is advisable.
• All the internal line angles should be rounded to prevent stress
concentration and to thus enhance retention.
• A 90deg butt joint should be given for ceramic inlay margin. Bevels are
contraindicated because bulk is needed to prevent fracture and thus
increase the longevity.
• Final retention is achieved during the bonding of the inlay as it is done
with a resin luting cement.
In this procedure acid etching is done which creates micro tags and help
in mechanical retention.
Retention IN Resin Bonded Bridges

• The retention of this prosthesis depends on the adhesive

bonding between the etched enamel and the metal casting.
• To enhance retention in these restorations, significant clinical
crown length should be present. If there is insufficient moisture
control, retention is minimized.
• Short clinical crown and narrow embrasures are also a contra
indication for resin retained FPD because in these type of
teeth, surface area is reduced and thus the retention.
• If a patient has parafunctional habits, this restoration should
not be given because they lead to early failure of the
restoration.
SURFACE TREATMENTS FOR
CERAMIC RESTORATION
CONTENTS

• Surface treatment of teeth

• Surface treatments of various ceramics

 SURFACE TREATMENTS
OF TOOTH

2) Acid Eching With

1) Clean The Tooth
37% Phoshoric Acid
STEPS With Prophylaxis
For Enamel And
Pastes or Pumice
Dentin for 15 Sec.

3) Tooth Is Rinsed 4) Application Of

With Water And Air Adhesive And Light
Dried Curing
SURFACE TREATMENTS
OF CERAMIC
HEAT
PRESSED
CERAMICS

(1) Etching with

9.5%
hydrofluoric acid,

(2) 50%, or 60%

orthophosphoric
acid

(3) Airborne-
particle abrasion with
50-μm, alumina for 10
seconds.
 Mechanical Clean surface Chemical
treatment After try in treatment

Tribochemic
al 1.Air-pressure 10-MDP
(Silica for 15 s.
coated)
Airborne- 10-MDP Mixed
particle 2.Ultrasonically with silane
Zirconia abrasion cleaned for 3-5 mins.
surface In 99% alcohol or
Phosphate
A fine-grind distilled water
diamond monomer

No 3. Apply 37% silane

treatment phosphoric acid

4-META
Tribochemical silica-coating

-The alloy surface is grit-blasted at high pressure (no heat)with

a powder that “Fine alumina and colloidal silica particle”
-High-energy colloidal silica particles impacting the alloy surface
cause physical fusion of a silica layer to metal.

Laboratory base system A Chair-side technique

: Rocatec : Cojet
 Rocatec system

-Under a operating air pressure of 280 kPa for 13 s/cm2

Step 1 microblasting sand Rocatec Pre (cleaning and activating the surface) with 110 μm
aluminium oxide sand

Microretentive roughness is achieved

 Rocatec system
Step 2 Coating sand Rocatec Plus (110 μm silica coated alumina)or Rocatec Soft (30 μm silica
coated alumina)

Triboplasma surface
a depth of 15 μm of SiO2

partially coated with SiO2

 Cojet system

The COJET sand-blasting system consists of ;

1.the actual coating medium (COJETSand) fine particle size (30 μm)
2.the silane solution ESPE SIL
3.SINFONY Opaquer
4.the light-cured bonding material VISIO-BOND
 COJET Sand
fine silica coated particle size (30 μm)
Tribochemical coating with CoJet
Sand
 Feldspathic – leucite reinforced (Empress)

Try in

Always needs to be bonded

LAB etched but not silaned

LAB did
LAB etched and nothing
silaned Ultrasonic clean in ETOH
2min
Rinse
Dry 5% HF 40s or
10% HF 60s
Ultrasonic clean in ETOH
2min Leucite – Empress
Rinse Feldspathic
Dry Silane
Dry Rinse
Dry
TOOTH
Adhesive Pumic
Air dry +thin Rinse
Light cure 20s Dry

Etch enamel
15 sec
Dentin quick
Resin cement etch
5 sec cure Rinse
Clean up Dry to leave
20 sec cure each surface
moist
 PRIMERS

 Primers improve bonding between resin cements and various restorative

materials and can be classified as Ceramic primers and silane primers.
PRIMERS FOR CERAMIC SUBSTRATE
References

• Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Whitsett LD, Jacobi R, Brackett SE. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics.
Hanover Park, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company; 2012.
• Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, editors. Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics-E-Book: Contemporary Fixed
Prosthodontics-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Jul 28.
• Narula S, PuNia V, KhaNdelWal M, SharMa V, PaMecha S. Retention in conventional fixed partial dentures:
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