Final Slides, Feb.
10
David Bell
Keng-Hao Hsu
Kim, Sung-Geun
David Apter: Chapter 1
Toward a Theory of
Modernization
Modernization as a non-economic process
originates when a culture embodies an attitude of
inquiry and questioning about how men make
choices- moral (or normative), social (or
structural), and personal (or behavioral).
Two criteria: degree of hierarchy / degree of
values
Hierarchical Pyramidal
Consummatary A D
(Sacred) (s-c model)
Instrumental C B
(secular) (s-l model)
The Secular-Libertarian The Sacred-Collectivity
Model Model
• Behaviorally, it is
Behaviorally, the made up of units
ability to reason, the whose singular
ability to know self- characteristic is
interest potentiality.
Structurally, allow the • Structurally, the
exercise of rationality political community is
and the pursuit of self- the means of
interest translating potentiality
Normatively, such a into some sort of
system takes certain reality.
fundamental • Normatively, the
proprieties. sacred-collectivity is
Each of different political systems defines
conditions of choices differently
Normative: consist of the values and
priorities that combine in a moral
consensus.
Structural: elaborates certain conditions of
choice.
Behavioral: embodies the conditions under
which individuals and groups make
particular choices.
Figure 3
Conclusion
The general process of modernization
provides a useful setting for revealing
these complex political matters.
In non-industrial society, politics becomes
the mechanism of integration, and
authority is the critical problem
confronting the leaders
A consideration of the political forms most
appropriate to producing and coping with
modernization
David Apter, Chapter 2:
Some characteristics of
modernization
Commercialization,industrialization
Innovation
Colonialism as a modernization force
◦ Colonialism demonstrated the role of commerce
and bureaucracy in modernization
◦ Colonialism at its best has been one very useful
mechanism for modernizing
Four main stages: the pioneering,
bureaucratic, representative, and
responsible governmental stages.
Characteristics (cont.)
Political modernization is both
consequence and cause of modernization,
and this is reflected in an appropriately
changing governmental system.
Traditionalism and development
It is difficult to separate the strands of
traditionalism from those modernity.
Traditionality in its various form and
patterns is an essential part of the study
of modernization.
Roles
Roles, new or old, modified and adapted,
given new meaning by changes, ought to be
the beginning point for the analysis of
modernization
The ways roles are put together reveals
something of the moral basis of the
community and the structure as well
Roles as indicators
Modernization, Industrialization,
Development
Industrialization is that aspect of
modernization so powerful in its
consequences, based on the use of the
machine
Modernization, as a means of identifying
those social arrangements, as a means of
observing how changes.
Development is a dramatic revolutionary
change
The special problem of
equality
Development creates inequality;
modernization accentuates it.
Inequality can be seen both as a cause of
modernization and as a result of it.
The achievement of equality is an ever
spreading moral objective in the modern
world
Intellectuals is a key indicator of the nature
of the polity during modernization
David Apter, Chatper 3:
The Analysis of Tradition
Culture never give way to the new change
◦ The varied responses of tradition to
modernization account for many of the
differences in political forms
◦ Also, this connection between tradition and
modernity is very complex
Framework for the analysis of
traditionalism
The analytical scheme applied to modernization can be used to
examine tradition
Values - represents the normative and behavioral dimensions
◦ Instrumental: does not affect social institutions fundamentally.
Rather innovation is made to serve tradition
◦ Consummatory: every aspect of society is a part of an elaborately
sustained, high-solidarity structure in which religion is pervasive
Three types of authority
◦ Hierarchical authority: structural expression of instrumental
traditionalism - highly resistant to political but not to other forms of
modernization
◦ Pyramidal authority: expression of consummatory values - the
chiefs at each level of the pyramid have similar powers and are
relatively autonomous. resistant to all changes
◦ Segmental authority: community political relations are treated as if
they were members of a single unilinear descent group by means of
"legal fiction“, ruled by particular elders in age-grade system or by
councils appointed from the lineage representatives
Consequences of the differences in
the cases of Ghana, Uganda, and
Nigeria
Ghana (consummatory-pyramidal)
◦ Political conflicts between Westernized elites and traditional chiefs
◦ New elites defines the traditionalism as subversive
◦ "The past became dead weight on the government"
Uganda (instrumental-hierarchical)
◦ The absoluteness of the hierarchical system as "instrument"- strong
resistance to the change in political institution, but very flexible to
other changes
◦ "The prerequisite for accepting any innovation on the political level
was to find some real or mythical traditional counterpart"
Nigeria (instrumental-segmental)
◦ With individualized responses to innovation and without a central
traditional authority, the people adapted to commercial life and
transposed the localism of the community into the individualism of
the trading society
◦ The politics of the people are above all practical and economic, not
ideological and dogmatic
Conclusions
Consummatory values make it more difficult
for systems to absorb exogenous change
and modernization
Still some of the variations can be found
among traditional systems in the face of
modernization
Joseph R. Gusfield
Joseph R. Gusfield, a longtime
member of the sociology department
at the University of California at San
Diego, is currently a fellow at the
Center for Advanced Study in the
Behavioral Sciences in California. He
is the author of The Culture of Public
Problems: Drinking, Driving, and the
Symbolic Order and Community: A
Critical Response.
http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/
catalog/83sbd7dy9780252013126.html
Modernization and
Dependency Theory
“Traditional” and “modern” are neither
incompatible nor internally consistent terms
Argues that no single, uniform set of
processes brings modernity
Not simple dichotomies but
◦ Heterogeneity and interpretations to be analyzed
Modernization and
Dependency Theory
The idea of change in developing societies
as a linear movement from traditional past
toward a modernized state
◦ Involves several significant assumptions that
are questionable
◦ For example, the linear model assumes that
existing institutions and values-tradition-
impedes change and are obstacles to
modernization
Modernization and
Dependency Theory
Explores the uses of tradition and modernity
as explicit ideologies in the politics of
developing nations
◦ Primarily draws on India
Explains concepts of development and
modernization as being generalized
◦ The view that tradition and innovation are
necessarily in conflict is overly abstract and unreal
Modernization and
Dependency Theory
Fallacies in the Assumptions of traditional-
modern polarity
◦ Developing societies have been static
◦ Tradition is consistent
◦ Tradition is homogeneous
◦ Old is replaced with the new
◦ Tradition and modern forms are always in conflict
◦ Tradition and modern are mutually exclusive
◦ Modernization weakens traditions
Modernization and
Dependency Theory
Desire to be modern--desire to preserve tradition
◦ These function as ideologies
◦ Are not always in conflict
◦ Modernization is often linked to an upsurge in
traditionalism
◦ Tradition may be changed, stretched and modified
For new elites of developing nations its not
overcoming tradition but of finding ways to blend
modernity and tradition
Synthesis
Golden Oldies
Readings for literary map
Modernization as economic phenomenon
◦ Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar: Classical growth
model (Martinussen, 1997)
Played a major role in the development debate and
was incorporated into many planning model in the
late 20th century
Total production is a result of investment in material
production apparatus
Output is a function of capital input
Other conditions, including non-economic factors,
could be disregarded as irrelevant or adapting with
the economic growth
Modernization as economic phenomenon
◦ Capital accumulation and balanced growth
(Martinussen)—capital accumulation increase
supply of goods create increase demand
Paul Rosenstein: “Big push” is needed for growth
Ragnar Nurkse: “Two poverty circles”
W. Arthur Lewis: the relationship between profit and
saving (capital accumulation)
W.W. Rostow: Five stage theory
◦ Unbalanced growth and income distribution
Albert Hirschman: Imbalances are inevitable
Simon Kuznets: greater inequality as the poorest
experience growth slower than the average until a
certain range
Modernization Theory (cont.)
Modernization as economic phenomenon
◦ John Isbister
The task is the transformation of traditional society.
The poverty is disappearing over time. The
underdeveloped countries will follow the
developmental stages of western
Modernization as non-economic process
◦ David E. Apter: “In non-industrial society, politics
becomes the mechanism of integration”
Importance of traditionality: The varied responses of
tradition to modernization account for many of the
differences in political forms
◦ Joseph R. Gusfield: “Traditional” and “modern” are
neither incompatible nor internally consistent terms
Not simple dichotomies but heterogeneity and
interpretations to be analyzed
◦ Ferrel Heady
Modernization for political development is to grow the
political capability and interlinkage of political
development with other aspects of social change with
multidimensional process.
Modernization as non-economic process
◦ Gunnar Myrdal: A theory of social stagnation and
transformation (Martinussen)
Non-economic factors as central factors
◦ Outputs and incomes
◦ Conditions of production
◦ Levels of living
◦ Attitudes toward life and work
◦ Institutions
◦ Policies
Wrong assumptions of modernization
◦ Valenzuela et al.
Center-periphery dichotomy
What varies between the developed and developing
is not the degree of rationality, but the structural
foundations of the incentive systems
◦ Andre Gunder Frank
The difference in historical experience: the
developed were never underdeveloped!
Five counter-arguments for modernization theory
Global extension and unity of the capitalist system,
monopoly structure, uneven development should
deserve much more attention
Break-down of dichotomy
◦ Dieter Senghass and Ulrich Menzel—Countries
(peripheral societies and centre) have very different
structures and patterns of transformation-
generalizations are difficult
Internal socio-economic conditions and political institutions
are centrally important in determining whether an
economy can be transformed
Important socio-economic variables include:
◦ A relatively egalitarian distribution of land and
incomes
◦ High literacy level
◦ Economic policies and institutions that support
industrialization
Functions of modernization
◦ Arturo Escobar
Development proceeded by creating 'abnormalities‘
Development fostered a way of conceiving of social
life as a "technical problem”
Discursive homogenization (people in the Third
World are almost same: they are poor and
underdeveloped
◦ Isbister
Economic Growth in advanced capitalist countries
created the third world poverty in its wake. The
cause of continuing poverty is therefore the failure of
the third world to break its ties with the rich
capitalist countries.
Functions of modernization
◦ Samir Amin (mid-1970): Two ideal types of
societal models
The autocentric economy—Internal production
relations primarily determine the society’s
development possibilities
Close link between agriculture and manufacturing
Does engage in international trade
The peripheral economy—non-capitalist modes of
production of good for luxury consumption
dominated by an ‘over-developed’ export sector
Replace asymmetrical relationships with “center
countries” with regional cooperation and an internal
socialist development strategy
Escobar
Martinussen
Structuralist
& Ind Dev
Andre
Gunder
Frank
Satellites
Modern (Periphery
(developed) )
Valenzuela
et al.
Dependenc World
Modernization Capitalist
Development y
theory system
theory
Traditional Metropoles
(under- (Center)
developed)
Gusfield
Martinussen Isbister Martinussen
Growth and Heady Underdev &
Modern Dependency
Reference
Martinussen, J. (1997). Society, State and Market: A Guide to Competing
Theories of Development. London: Zed Press. Chapter 4-7
Isbister, J. (1993). Promises Not Kept: The Betrayal of Social Change in the Third
World. West Hartford: Kumarian. Chapters 3 and 4
Heady, F. (1991). Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective. New York:
Marcel Dekker. Chapter 3
Gunder Frank, A. (1996). The Development of Underdevelopment. In Jameson,
K. P. and Wilber, C. (eds.). The Political Economy of Development and
underdevelopment. New York: McGraw Hill.
Valenzuela, J. S. and Valenzuela, A. (1982). Modernization and Dependency. In
Munoz, H. (ed.) From Dependency to Development: Strategies to Overcome
Underdevelopment and Inequality. Boulder: Westview Press.
Escobar, A. (1994). The Making and Unmaking of Third World Development. In
Rahnema, M. with Bawtree, V. (eds.) The Post-Development Reader. London:
Zed Books.
Apter, D. E. (1965). The Politics of Modernization. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press. Chapters 1-3
Gusfield, J. R. (1971). Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change. In
Welch, C. (ed.) Political Modernization: A Reader . Belmont: Duxbury Publishers.
