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Analysis

The Bronsted-Lowry theory, proposed by Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry in 1923, defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. It introduces the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs and amphoteric species, which can both donate and accept protons. While the theory has advantages in explaining certain acid-base reactions, it also has limitations in cases where no proton transfer occurs.

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15 views7 pages

Analysis

The Bronsted-Lowry theory, proposed by Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry in 1923, defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors. It introduces the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs and amphoteric species, which can both donate and accept protons. While the theory has advantages in explaining certain acid-base reactions, it also has limitations in cases where no proton transfer occurs.

Uploaded by

sourodeeprit
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GURUNANAK INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY ( An Autonomous institute )

TOPIC : BRONSTED LOWRY THEORY

Name – Sourodeep Rit


Paper Name – pharmaceutical
Analysis
Roll No. - 186012301070

Paper Code – R21_PT 101T


Academic Session – 2023 - 2024

Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology


Introduction

In 1923, Johannes Bronsted ( a Danish chemist ) and Thomas Lowry (an


English chemist ) proposed a new definition of acids and bases. They
worked independently of each other but they both arrived at the same
definitions.
Theory
• Acid : According to them acid may be defined as any hydrogen containing species that is capable of donating a
proton i.e. H+ to any other substance.
HCl H+ + Cl-

• Base : Base is a substance that can accept a proton from any other substance .
NH3 + H+ NH4+

• Conjugate Acid – Base pair :


HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

o HCl donates proton to H2O and is therefore an acid.


o H2O accepts a proton from HCl and therefore a base.
o If we consider the reverse reaction , H3O+ ion donates a proton to Cl- ion and hence H3O+ is an
acid , while Cl- ion which accept proton is a base.
o Cl- is called as a conjugate base of HCl and H3O+ is called conjugate acid of H2O.
o HCl along with Cl- & H2O along with H3O+ is called conjugate acid-base pair.
Theory

• Amphoteric species :
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

• In first reaction H2O acts as a base.


• In second reaction H2O acts as an acid.
• This type of substance which can donate and also accept proton is called amphoteric
species.
• Advantages of Bronsted-Lowry concept :
1. Can explain basic nature of substance like Na2CO3 , NH3.
2. Can explain acid base reaction in non aqueous solution medium.
• Disadvantages of Bronsted-Lawry concept :
1. Can not explain the acid-base reactions where no proton transfer takes place.
SO2 + SO2 SO2+ + SO32-
2. Can not explain acid nature of species like BF3 , AlCl3.
Summary

• Acids are proton doner.


• Bases are proton accepter.
• conjugate pair

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

conjugate pair
• Acid  H+ + Conjugate base.
• Base + H+  Conjugate acid.
• Stronger acid have weak conjugate base and weak acids have stronger conjugate base.
• Stronger base have weaker conjugate acid and weak base have stronger conjugate acid.
Reference

• Pharmaceutical chemistry-inorganic , vol-1 , 2012 edition page no. – 104 ,


G.R.Chatwal, M. Arora.

• Vogel’s Textbook of macro and semimicro qualitative inorganic analysis , fifth edition
1979 , page no. – 61 , A. I. Vogel , G.Svehla.
Thank
You

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