FIRE

HAZARD
FIRE
+ Fire is the rapid oxidation of a flammable material
accompanied by the production of light and heat.
The discovery of fire has brought significant
advancements to people and industries. Aside from
being used as an external source of heat and light, it
is also used as a power source. Natural fires of low
intensity may benefit the environment and restore
ecological balance through the removal of pests and
plants that compete with other species for nutrients.
Elements of Fire
and stages of fire
development
+ Fire is composed of three
elements, namely heat, fuel,
and oxygen. These three
elements form the fire triangle .
+ A fire starts when fuel is heated
from an external source and
reaches its ignition temperature.
Oxygen reacts with the fuel to
sustain the fire. Once fire has
started, it will continue to burn
until an element of the fire triangle
is removed.
 Figure above shows the four stages of fire development. It is
during the incipient stage where ignition occurs. The fire has just
started and has not yet affected a large area. It may produce a
small flame and some smoke, but the heat of the fire produced is
still low. It would be best to extinguish the fire at this stage while it is
still small.
 The fire reaches the growth stage when it can continue
burning by itself as it uses its own heat to burn fuel sources
around it. Smoke is already visible and may start
accumulating. The temperature of the affected area will
start to increase and the fire will continuously grow bigger
 When the fire reaches its hottest point, it is now in the
fully developed stage. During this stage, firefighters will
likely extinguish the fire from a distance as it is dangerous to
go near or enter the vicinity. When the fire runs out of fuel
to burn or it runs out of oxygen, it now enters the decay
stage. In this stage, no fuel must be added as it will cause
CAUSES OF FIRE
+ Many fires start due to negligence such as leaving the stove
unattended or by not organizing the storage cabinet. The things
that we find useful in our homes such as paper, paint, cooking oil,
and electrical appliances can ignite and burn easily. The following
are common causes of fire:
CAUSES OF FIRE
+ Flammable materials could also ignite on their own in an
event referred to as spontaneous combustion.
+ This happens when an object produces its own heat
without absorbing heat from its surroundings.
When it reaches a temperature enough for ignition, it will
start a fire by itself. Everyone should be mindful of
materials that are prone to spontaneous combustion such
as spilled oil, oily rags, paper, dried leaves or hay. It is
better to store them in well-ventilated areas or outdoors
to prevent ignition and to easily dissipate the heat.
 Precautionary and safety measures
+ Uncontrolled fires, whether natural or
man-made, may lead to injury, death, loss
of livelihood, and damage to property with
its toxic fumes and high temperature. A
person may die of asphyxiation as fire
consumes oxygen and the concentration of
carbon monoxide and other toxic gases
increase.
 Precautionary and safety measures
+ Furthermore, the heat from a hostile fire is far
from any temperature that a person is normally
exposed to. This can cause extreme pain,
severe burns, and other casualties. Fire may
result in black and impenetrable smoke that
may sting the eyes and block one’s vision. Once
a person is caught in a fire, it would be difficult,
if not impossible to escape the area.
 Precautionary and safety measures
+ With this, people must participate in fire
drills to be knowledgeable of the fire escape
plans. Buildings and infrastructures should
have a well-planned evacuation plan
showing multiple escape routes to increase
the chances of survival during a fire.
Moreover, one should be aware of the
precautionary and safety measures for fire.
Never leave a fire Always check the
unattended. electrical equipment
+Whether it is a A faulty appliance or electrical
cord can easily malfunction
stovetop, a candle, and ignite. Similarly, an
or a bonfire, it is overloaded electrical socket or
never safe to leave extension cords can heat up
and ignite due to the overuse
an open flame. If of electricity. Electrical wiring
you need to leave, should be regularly checked to
make sure to put make sure there is nothing
wrong with the system.
the fire out.
Keep a good distance
between things that can
Educate children and
catch fire
adults about fire safety.
+Declutter the area
Curious children may
and make sure accidentally set anything
that anything that on fire. It is best to keep
can cause ignition flammable materials
and serve as fuel stored in areas that are out
of reach for them. Teach
is distant from them about the dangers of
each other. fire and how it can be
prevented.
 Store flammable materials
properly.
+When fuels are exposed to ignition, they
will easily catch and spread the fire.
Always label them and keep them from
any heat source. Be careful when using
them. Wipeout any spills in the working
space as they can easily be forgotten and
may cause a fire. Make sure there are no
sources of ignition around the area.
 Keep a fire extinguisher of a bucket of sand handy.
+ Before using any flammable material, be prepared
with materials that can put out the fire in case it
occurs. Have a wet cloth, a source of water, or a
fire extinguisher in strategic places that everyone
knows and is easy to reach. Learn how to use a
fire extinguisher. Pull the pin located at the handle
then aim its nozzle at the base of the fire. Slowly
squeeze the lever while sweeping it from side to
side. The PASS acronym for using fire
extinguishers means to pull, aim, squeeze, and
sweep.
Install fire alarms and
smoke detectors. Know what to do in case
of fire.
+These instruments
alert everyone Participate in fire drills.
Be aware of the exit
and signal them to
points of your house,
escape when they school, or workplace.
can and before the Educate yourself and
fire becomes the people around you
bigger. about what to do in
case a fire breaks out.
 Develop a fire
preparedness plan
+ A fire preparedness plan is a floorplan containing
the possible sources of fire and a guide on what
a person can do in the event of a fire incident. It
gives us an idea of how one can save himself in
case of a fire in their homes, workplace, and in
school. It presents the location of the fire exits
that people can pass through to immediately
evacuate the area. It should also show the
location of fire assembly points, designated safe
areas where people can go in case of a fire.
 CONCLUSION
+ The key to preventing fires from occurring is to
make sure that the elements of the fire triangle
do not come together. Prevent ignition by
making sure that flammable materials do not
heat up and reach the ignition temperature.
Fuel sources should be kept away from ignition
sources. In case a fire breaks out, smother it to
eliminate the source of oxygen.
CONCLUSION
PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY:
DRAWING
 Fire Response, Emergency, & Evacuation
plan
+Fire comes under the most common reason
for the loss in the school, houses, and
workplaces. The number of fire accidents
are not only increasing every year but are
also becoming dangerous every year. Even
a small fire can cause a remarkable loss in
business, so it is important to have proper
fire prevention at the school, homes,
workplace, and in our community.
ACTIVITY: True or False?
ACTIVITY: True or False?
PT: What are the potential
dangers!