CIRCULATORY •
INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM
The human
circulatory
system keeps blood,
oxygen and nutrients
flowing through
the body. ... Nutrients,
oxygen and hormones
are delivered to every
cell and as these
necessities are
provided, waste
products such as
Definition of Ciculatory
system
The system that moves blood
throughout the body.
The circulatory system is composed of
the heart, arteries, capillaries, and
veins.
This remarkable system transports
oxygenated blood from the lungs and
heart throughout the body via the
arteries.
The blood goes through the capillaries
which are situated between the arteries
and veins. And the blood that has been
Fluids in our body
• Body fluids include –
Blood, Lymph and Tissue fluid.
BLOOD
Blood consists of blood cells in a watery
fluid called plasma which contains many
dissolved substances including oxygen,
carbon dioxide, salts, glucose, fatty
acids, amino acids, hormones and
plasma proteins. The cells include red
blood cells (erythrocytes), various types
of white blood cell (leucocytes) and
TISSUE FLUID
It occupies the cells between the
individual cells of the body and is also
known as interstitial cells.
Tissue fluid is similar to blood, but
doesn’t contain most of the cells found in
blood, nor does it contain plasma
proteins. The role of tissue fluid is to
transport and nutrients from the blood to
the cells, and to carry carbon dioxide and
other wastes back to the blood.
Lymph
Lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning
"water") is the fluid that flows through the
lymphatic system, a system composed
of lymph vessels (channels) and
intervening lymph nodes whose function,
like the venous system, is to return fluid
from the tissues to the central circulation.
Blood and lymph
circulation
• Together, the blood, heart,
and blood vessels form the
circulatory system.
The lymphatic
system (lymph, lymph
nodes and lymph vessels)
supports the
circulatory system by
draining excess fluids and
proteins from tissues back
into the bloodstream,
thereby preventing tissue
swelling.
Blood and lymph
circulation (contd)
•
Lymph flows in an open circuit
from the tissues
into lymphatic vessels.
Blood flows towards the heart and
away from the heart.
Lymph flows in one direction only
(towards the heart).
Open and closed vascular
•
system
Blood flows in the arteries,
capillaries, and veins and its flow is
regulated by the heart . This type of
Circulatory system is known as
Closed vascular system.
• When blood flows through open
spaces like in certain insects, this
type of blood circulatory system is
known as Open vascular system.
Open and closed vascular
system
BLOOD
• Blood is a red coloured fluid which
consists of two parts: 1) PLASMA – The
liquid part
Composition of
Plasma
• Food , Vitamins and Minerals
Blood Proteins – Antibodies (protects
the
bodies)
Fibrinogen ( helps
the blood to
clot)
Waste products – Urea and Uric Acid
Hormones – the chemical
The Corpuscles
RED BLOOD CELLS or
ERYTHTROCYTES
Red blood cell, also called
erythrocyte is a cellular
component of the blood.
NUMBER- 4.5 to 5 million in
one ml of the blood.
LIFE SPAN- 120 days
SITE OF PRODUCTION – Bone
marrow
RBC (Contd)
STRUCTURE
- The mature human red blood cell
is small, round, and biconcave; it
appears dumbbell-shaped in profile.
The cell is flexible and assumes a
bell shape as it passes through
extremely small blood vessels.
-It lacks a nucleus, on maturatuion.
- It contains hemoglobin—a red,
iron-rich protein which gives red
colour to the blood that binds
oxygen.
FUNCTION
They carry oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues
WHITE BLOOD CELLS or
LEUCOCYTES
White blood
cells (WBCs), also
called leukocytes or
leucocytes, are the
cells of the immune
system that are
involved in
protecting the body
against both
infectious disease
and foreign
WBC ( contd)
Number- They are much less in number
compared to RBC, about 5000 to 8000 per ml of
blood
Life span- is usually 12 to 20 days
Site of production- Bone marrow
Structure: WBCs are irregular or amoeboid
in shape and have a nucleus . They are mainly
of two types – Some have granules and some do
not have granules.
Platelets or
Thrombocytes
• NUMBER -The normal platelet
count is 150,000-350,000
per ml of blood .
LIFE SPAN- 5 to 8 days
SITE OF PRODUCTION- Bone
marrow
STRUCTURE: Platelets are so
small, they make up just a
tiny fraction of the blood
volume.
FUNCTION:
The principal function of
platelets is to prevent
bleeding.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
• Blood has three main functions:
1)Transport
2) Protection and
3) Osmoregulation.
Blood transports the following substances:
i) Gases, namely oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide
(CO2),
between the lungs and rest of the body.
ii) Nutrients from the digestive tract
and storage sites to the
rest of the body
iii) Cellular waste products to the kidneys
iv) Hormones from the glands in which they are
Protection
Blood has several roles in inflammation:
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, destroy
invading microorganisms and cancer cells
Antibodies and other proteins destroy
pathogenic substances
Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help
minimise blood loss
Regulation
Blood helps regulate:
pH by interacting with acids and bases
Water balance by transferring water to and from
tissues
HEART – The pumping organ
The function of Heart is to receive and pump
blood and to keep it circulating in the body
Size of the human
heart
A human heart is roughly
the size of a large fist.
The heart weighs
between about 10 to 12
ounces (280 to 340 grams)
in men and 8 to 10 ounces
(230 to 280 grams) in
women. The heart beats
about 100,000 times per
day (about 3 billion beats
in a lifetime). An
Location of the heart
The heart is locate
d in the chest
cavity between the
lungs behind the
sternum and above
the diaphragm. It is
surrounded by the
pericardium. The
tip of the heart is
tilted to the left
side.
Pericardium- The covering of the
heart
The pericardium is a
thin sac, with two
membranes, that
surrounds your heart. In
between these two
layers (membranes) is
the fluid
called pericardial fluid
.
Function of pericardium
and pericardial fluid –
to protect the heart
from mechanical shocks
Septum
In heart, septum is
present between the
right and left atrium
(known as atrial
septum) as well as
(known as ventricular
septum). The septum
separates the atria and
ventricles in such a
way that it forms a
barrier between the
heart chambers and
this prevents mixing of
oxygenated and
Chambers of the
heart
Valves present in
heart
Pace
maker • Artificial Pace Maker
Blood vessels of the
heart
Double
Circulation
Blood Group
Heart related
conditions
Hypertension is another name for high blood
pressure. It can lead to severe health complications
and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and
sometimes death. Blood pressure is the force that a
person's blood exert against the walls of their blood
vessels.
Cardiac arrest is the result of electrical disturbances that
cause the heart to suddenly stop beating. So the heart
stops pumping blood around the body which leads to
abnormal breathing.
Those with coronary heart disease and the elderly are at a
higher risk, but cardiac arrest can happen to even
seemingly healthy people.
Myocardial infarction, as doctors call it, is a circulation problem.
When circulation is blocked or cut off in some way and blood is no
longer supplied to the heart muscle, this can damage that muscle.
Blockages causing heart attacks are mostly caused by a
buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries. Plaque forms when
cholesterol combines with fat, calcium and other substances in the
blood. This hardened structure, when ruptures, results in a blood
clot. Large clots can completely block the flow of blood through an
artery.
The American Heart Association describes Heart failure as a
condition of ‘inefficiency’ in its pumping function. In other words, the
condition is the outcome of the pump not effectively being able to
push enough blood out through the arteries to the organs and
tissues. It does not mean, however, that the heart is about to stop at
any time – it means it isn't working as well as it should.
Care of the
heart
