CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The Heart: Chapter 18
Unit Objectives
1. Relate the functions of the cardiovascular system to
transportation of materials
2. Describe the structure of the heart wall and function
3. Explain the initiation and conduction of electrical
impulses through the heart
4. Describe the circulatory routes of blood through the
heart and body
5. Calculate cardiac output
6. Identify a basic ECG as it relates to the cardiac cycle
Terms
• Angi/o
• Bar/o
• Brady-
• Cardi/o
• Coagul/o
• Coron/o
• -emia
• Hem/o
• -megaly
• Mi/o
• Palpit/o
• -plasty
• Scler/o
• -stenosis
• Tachy-
• Thromb
• Vas/o
• Ven/o
Cardiovascular System
• Consists of three interrelated components:
blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
• It is responsible for transporting O2 and CO2,
nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste to
and from body cells.
• It is powered by the body’s hardest-working
organ — the heart.
• Transportation
– Oxygen and carbon dioxide
– Nutrients
– Waste
– Hormones
• Regulation
– Temperature – vasoconstriction and vasodilation
– Blood pressure in tissues – vasoconstriction and
vasodilation
• Protection
– Blood clotting
– Immune cells
• Pulmonary Circuit
• Systemic Circuit
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavity
Pericardi
al
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardium
Front/Anterior
Thoracic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavities (x2) Mediastinum
- Lungs - The organs that lie in the
- Pleura center of the chest between
the lungs
- Examples – pericardium and
Pericardial cavity heart, thymus, esophagus,
trachea
Heart – Basic Information
• Size of a closed fist (≤ 1lb).
• Location
• 2/3 of its mass lies to the left of the body’s
midline.
• The apex (pointed end)
• The base of the heart
Heart – Layers
• Double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
and the roots of the great vessels = Pericardium.
• The pericardium contains 2 main parts:
1. Fibrous pericardium (superficial)
2. Serous pericardium (deep)
• Parietal Pericardium (attaches to fibrous
pericardium)
• Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) (attaches to
heart)
• Between these layers is the pericardial fluid
Heart – Layers
Parietal
Visceral
(epicardium)
Pericardium and Heart Wall
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heart – Wall
• The wall of the heart is comprised of 3 layers:
1. Epicardium (visceral layer of the serous
pericardium)
2. Myocardium – cardiac muscle
3. Endocardium
DEEP
PERICARDIUM
Heart wall
Endocardium
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium
Coronary blood vessels
Pericardial cavity
Myocardium
(cardiac muscle)
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
(epicardium)
(a) Portion of pericardium and right ventricular
heart wall showing divisions of pericardium and
layers of heart wall
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart – Anatomy
• Apex
• Base
– Great arteries and veins enter into the heart here
• Chambers of the heart:
– 2 Atria
– 2 Ventricles
17.3 Anatomy of the Heart
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on Ltd.
17.3 Anatomy of the Heart
Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Educati 21
on Ltd.
17.3 Anatomy of the Heart
Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Educati 22
on Ltd.
Heart – Anatomy
LA
RA
Anterior View
R
RV LV
Heart – Anatomy
LA
RA
R
LV
RV Posterior View
Heart – Anatomy
Sulci: separate the chambers of the heart
Anterior Posterior
View View
R R
Coronary sulcus
Heart – Anatomy
Sulci: separate the chambers of the heart
Interventricular sulcus
Anterior Posterior
View View
R R
Heart – Atria
• Right Atrium – Receives O2-poor blood from
the body.
• Left Atrium – Receives O2-rich blood from the
lungs.
• Auricles:
Heart – Auricles
Slightly increases the
capacity of each atrium
Auricle
Heart – Right Atrium
SVC
Fossa Ovalis
Coronary
Sinus
IVC
Heart – Left Atrium
Pulmonary Veins
R
Heart – Ventricles
• Right Ventricle:
– With relatively low pressure, it pumps O2-poor
blood to the lungs.
• Left Ventricle:
– Pumps O2-rich blood at a higher pressure to the
rest of the body.
– Has to pump blood to the body = work harder.
– 2 to 4 times larger myocardial muscle when
compared to the right ventricle.
Heart – Ventricles
Aorta
Pulmonary
Trunk
LV
RV
Heart – Ventricles
R
Heart Valves
• Name and locate the valves of the heart
• 2 atrioventricular
– Right
– Left
• 2 semilunar
– Aortic
– Pulmonary
End of module 1
Heart Valves
• Purpose
• Atrioventricular valves (AV): right and left
• Right AV valve
– “tricuspid valve”
• Left AV valve
– “mitral (bicuspid) valve”
Frontal
plane
Arch of aorta
Ascending aorta
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
Left atrium
Aortic valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Chordae tendineae
Left ventricle
Tricuspid valve Papillary muscle
(c) Anterior view of frontal section showing
internal anatomy
Semilunar valves (SL):
• Near arteries that emerge from the heart
• Function
• Pulmonary SL valve
– pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
• Aortic SL valve
– aorta and left ventricle
Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart
• How the Heart Works 3D Video.flv - YouTube
Conduction System of the Heart
• The conduction system consists of specialized cardiac
muscle tissue that generates and distributes action
potentials.
• Components of this system are the sinoatrial (SA) node
(pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node,
atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), bundle
branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Heart – Conduction System
Important Concepts:
• Automaticity = Cardiac muscle tissue
contracts on its own in the absence of neural
or hormonal stimulation.
• The cells responsible for initiating and
distributing the stimulus to contract are part of
the heart's conducting system , also known as
the cardiac conduction system or the nodal
system.
Heart – Conduction System
Important Concepts:
• SA Node
– Called the Pacemaker
– Initiates AP ~100 times faster than any other region
in the conducting system.
– Influenced by neurotransmitters and hormones.
• The ANS (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
can modify HR, but it does not establish the
heart’s fundamental rhythm.
Heart – Conduction System
• RA wall, inferior to SVC opening.
SA NODE • AP spontaneously arises and then
conducts to both atria so that they
finish contracting at the same time.
• Interatrial septum, inferior to coronary
sinus.
AV NODE • AP slows considerably, allowing for the
atria to empty.
Heart – Conduction System
• Interventricular septum.
AV Bundle
• Only site where AP can conduct from
(Bundle of His)
atria to ventricles.
Right and Left • Extend through the interventricular
Bundle septum towards the apex.
Branches
• Originate near the apex, extends upwards.
Purkinje
• AP rapidly conducts from the apex to the
Fibers remainder of the ventricular myocardium.
Heart – Conduction System
Important Concepts:
• SA Node
– Called the Pacemaker
– Initiates AP ~100 times faster than any other region
in the conducting system.
– Influenced by neurotransmitters and hormones.
• The ANS (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
can modify HR, but it does not establish the
heart’s fundamental rhythm.
Conduction System of the Heart
17.5 Electrical Conduction
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Heart – Electrocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram (ECG):
– Records the electrical changes
that accompany a heartbeat.
• Resting Membrane Potential:
– Is negative, so change towards
positive = depolarization
occurring
Heart – Electrocardiogram
3 Wave identified on an ECG:
• P Wave (~0.08 sec)
– Represents depolarization from SA node through
atria.
– Atrial contraction follows.
• QRS Complex (~0.12 sec)
– Ventricular depolarization – followed by ventricular
contraction.
• T Wave (~0.16 sec)
– Ventricle repolarization begins to occur
Heart – Cardiac Cycle
• A single cardiac cycle includes all of the events
associated with one heartbeat.
• Important terms:
– Systole = Contraction (ejection)
– Diastole = Relaxation (filling)
• We will be looking at systole and diastole for
both atria, as well as both ventricles.
Cardiac Cycle
• Atrial Systole / Ventricle filling
– Blood flow from body to atria to ventricles
– AV valves open; SL valve closed
– Firing of SA node = atrial depolarization-P wave
– Atrial systole – pushes rest of blood into ventricles
(P to Q(RS))
Ventricle Systole
• Ventricular depolarization – QRS Wave
• Ventricular contraction begins; AV valve closes
– “lub”
• Small “isovolumetric contraction” – all valves
are closed
• Opening of SL valve
• Note: atria are in diastole
Ventricular Diastole
• Ventricles relax (diastole)
• SL valve close “dub”
• All valves closed - isovolumetric relaxation
• AV valves open
Cardiac Output
• Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the
aorta each minute: CO = stroke volume X beats per minute.
• Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during ventricular
systole. It is related to stretch on the heart before it contracts, forcefulness of
contraction, and the amount of pressure required to eject blood from the
ventricles.
CO = HR bpm x SV ml/b
=75bpm x 70ml/b
=5250ml/min
=~5L/min
Control
• Originates in the cardiovascular (CV) center in the
medulla oblongata.
• Sympathetic impulses increase heart rate and force
of contraction; parasympathetic impulses decrease
heart rate.
• Heart rate is affected by hormones (epinephrine,
norepinephrine, thyroid hormones), ions (Na +, K+,
Ca2+), age, gender, physical fitness, and body
temperature.
Heart – SV Regulation
• There are three factors that impact SV to
ensure the left and right ventricles pump the
same amount of blood:
1. Degree of stretch in the heart before it
contracts.
– Within limits, the greater the heart is stretched
during diastole, the stronger it will contract during
systole (Frank-Starling Law of the heart).
Heart – SV Regulation
2. The forcefulness of contraction of individual
ventricular muscle fibers.
– Even with a constant degree of stretch, the heart
can contract more or less forcefully when certain
substances are present.
Heart – SV Regulation
3. The pressure required to eject blood from
the ventricles.
– If the pressure on the SL valves from the aorta and
the pulmonary vein is higher than normal, the
valves will open later than normal = SV decreases.
Heart Rate – Regulation
• Autonomic Regulation of Heart Rate
– Cardiovascular center (CVC) in medulla oblongata.
– Receives input from higher brain centers and then
directs appropriate output (↑↓HR)
– Baroreceptors (aortic arch and carotid arteries)
– Chemoreceptors (O2, CO2, pH)
Heart Rate – Regulation
• Chemical Regulation of Heart Rate
– Hormones: (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
increase heart rate and contraction force.
– Ions: increase in Na+ or K+ will decrease HR and
contraction force. Whereas, an increase in Ca2+
will cause an increase in HR and contraction force.
• Other factors
– Age, gender, physical fitness and body
temperature.
Heart – Exercise
• Aerobic exercise (longer than 20 min)
strengthens cardiovascular system
• Well trained athlete doubles maximum C.O.
• Resting C.O. about the same but resting H.R.
decreased
